| 词条 | Francis Townsend |
| 释义 |
| name = Francis Townsend | image = Francis Townsend, seated at desk, with microphones hec.27728.jpg | alt = Francis Townsend, seated at desk, with microphones, c. 1939 | caption = Townsend c. 1939 | birth_name = Francis Everett Townsend | birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|01|13}} | birth_place = Fairbury, Illinois | death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|09|01|1867|01|13}} | death_place = Los Angeles | nationality = American | alma_mater = Omaha Medical College | occupation = Physician, public health officer | known_for = Townsend Plan | spouse = Wilhelmina "Minnie" Bogue }} Francis Everett Townsend ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aʊ|n|z|ən|d}}; January 13, 1867 – September 1, 1960) was an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan", this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system. He was born just outside Fairbury, Illinois, where he is memorialized by a post office named in his honor. BiographyFrancis Everett Townsend was born the second of six children on January 13, 1867 in Fairbury, Illinois.[1] After Townsend contracted swamp malaria as an infant, the Townsend family moved to Nebraska where Townsend had two years of high school education.[1] In 1898, Townsend borrowed $1,000 from his father and moved to Southern California to develop a hay farming business.[1] The business was not successful and Town enrolled in Omaha Medical College when he was 31.[1] After graduating, Townsend worked in the medical field in Belle Fourche, South Dakota and met a nurse and his future wife, Wilhelmina "Minnie" Bogue.[1] At age 50, Townsend enlisted as a doctor in the army one year before the end of World War I.[1] After the war ended in 1918, Townsend moved to Long Beach, California to run a dry ice factory.[1] After that business quickly failed, Townsend worked for real estate agent Robert Earl Clements in Midway City, California.[1] Clements later masterminded the Townsend Plan.[1] In 1930, at the start of the Great Depression, Townsend became a Long Beach city public health officer at age 63, but lost his job three years later.[1] Townsend died in Los Angeles on September 1, 1960.[2] The Townsend PlanThe Townsend Plan proposed that every person over 60 be paid $200 per month. The Old-Age Revolving Pension fund was to be supported by a 2% national sales tax.[3] There were three requirements for beneficiaries under the Plan:
Promoting the planIn September 1933, Townsend wrote a letter to the editor of the local newspaper (the Long Beach Press-Telegram)[4] and launched his career as an old-age activist.[1] Townsend and Earl Clements then employed the techniques of real estate salesmanship to gain support for the Townsend Plan. Soon there were organizers in almost every state seeking to create Townsend Plan programs. After the adoption of Social Security and Townsend's deathThe movement continued after the Roosevelt administration adopted Social Security in 1935 and beyond Townsend's death in 1960.[5] In 1978, The Associated Press reported that the National Townsend Plan would be shut down by the end of February that year, with only state chapters surviving, and that by then it had a "dwindling and aging membership".[5] Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite book |title=When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security |last=Amenta|first=Edwin|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press |location= |isbn=0691124736|pages=36–38|accessdate=May 26, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5QukE1Qi0C&pg=PA39&dq=%22Midway+City%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Yme-T4iiOamZiQLTidzFDQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBjgy#v=onepage&q=%22Midway%20City&f=false}} 2. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Dr. Francis Townsend, 93, Dies; Founded Old-Age Pension Plan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/02/archives/dr-townsend-dies-led-oldage-plan-dr-francis-townsend93-dies-founded.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York |date=September 2, 1960 |agency=The Associated Press |access-date=January 19, 2019 |subscription=y}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/towns5.html |title=Research Note #17: The Townsend Plan's Pension Scheme |work=Research Notes & Special Studies by the Historian's Office, Social Security Administration |author=Larry Dewitt |date=December 2001 |accessdate=October 26, 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/frustrated-blogger-made-expanding-social-security-respectable-idea-67226 |title=How a Frustrated Blogger Made Expanding Social Security a Respectable Idea |author=David Dayen |date=October 29, 2013 |work=Pacific Standard |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |author= |title=Townsend Plan, Once the Hope Of Thousands, Is Near Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/23/archives/townsend-plan-once-the-hope-of-thousands-is-near-death.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York |date=February 23, 1978 |agency=The Associated Press |access-date=January 19, 2019}} External links
5 : 1867 births|1960 deaths|1936 United States presidential candidates|20th-century American politicians|People from Belle Fourche, South Dakota |
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