| 词条 | Friends of the Earth |
| 释义 |
| name = Friends of Earth[1] | abbreviation = FoEI | logo = FoE logo.svg | logo_size = 120px | formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1969}} | founder = {{plainlist|
}} | area_served = Global | key_people = {{plainlist|
}} | focus = {{plainlist|
}} | num_members = 75 national member groups | num_volunteers = some 5,000 local activist groups | homepage = {{url|http://www.foei.org}} }}Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries.[4] Friends of the Earth was founded in 1969 in San Francisco by David Brower, Donald Aitken and Gary Soucie after Brower's split with the Sierra Club.[5] It became an international network of organisations in 1971 with a meeting of representatives from four countries, namely U.S., Sweden, the UK and France.[6]. FoEI currently has a secretariat (based in Amsterdam, Netherlands) which provides support for the network and its agreed major campaigns.[7] The executive committee of elected representatives from national groups sets policy and oversees the work of the secretariat. In 2016, Uruguayan activist Karin Nansen was elected to serve as chair of Friends of the Earth International.[2] Campaign issuesFriends of the Earth (International) is an international membership organisations, with members spread across the world. Its main parent body, Friends of the Earth (UK) is primarily an advocacy group, with most of its activities focused in UK. Its advocacy programs focus on environmental issues, highlighting their social, political and human rights contexts. Their campaigns mostly take place in the United Kingdom, with a few activities in USA and Europe through their sister agency Friends of the earth (International). The international wing of Friends of the Earth is headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands for tax reasons.[8] As per its website, the current campaign priorities of Friends of the Earth internationally are:[9] economic justice and resisting neoliberalism, forests and biodiversity, food sovereignty and climate justice and energy (Including releasing the song "Love Song To the Earth"). The campaign priorities of FOEI are set at its bi-annual general meeting. Additionally, FOEI also plans campaigns in other fields like desertification, Antarctica, maritime, mining and extractive industries and nuclear power.[9][10]. In 2016, FOEI also led a campaign on the consumption and intensive meat production (Meat Atlas)[11] FOEI claims that it has been successful as it has eliminated billions in taxpayer subsidies to corporate polluters, reformed the World Bank to address environmental and human rights concerns, pushed the debate on global warming to pressure the U.S. to attempt the best legislation possible, stopped more than 150 destructive dams and water projects worldwide, pressed and won landmark regulations of strip mines and oil tankers and banned international whaling.[12] Its critics claim that the organization only tries to obtain media attention, but does not stay with locals to actually solve complicated problems, and that it prevents development in developing countries. They have also been critical of its policy to accept high levels of funding from companies and charities related to oil and gas.[13] OilIn October 2018, it was announced that Aliko Dangote, Africa's richest man, was planning to build a $12 billion oil refinery on 6,180 acres of swampland in Nigeria. This would make it the world's largest refinery. By 2022, the refinery would process 650,000 barrels of crude oil daily. Nigeria is already Africa's largest oil producer, though the refineries present are of low quality, and so most of the oil used within the country is imported. Because the refinery would be built so far from the Niger Delta, where most Nigerian oil is extracted, two undersea pipelines will be used to carry petroleum the 240 miles to the Lagos-based refinery. Pipelines the already exist in Nigeria are under scrutiny, and some have been blown up by angry citizens and members of a rebel group called the Delta Avengers, who are angry about the pollution and poverty associated with and stemming from the oil industry. In addition, this refinery would likely give Dangote a monopoly on Nigerian oil.[14] On December 11, 2018, FOE Africa began protesting outside of an event hosted by the Shell corporation. Activists found that Shell helped draft a portion of the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015. Shell, an oil drilling company, influenced the guidelines on greenhouse gas emission allowances and restrictions.[15][16][17] At the protest, Rita Uwaka of Nigeria's branch of FOE said: "It's like hell on Earth. I represent communities in the Niger Delta who are impacted by these big polluters...Having these big polluters come in here as a saint is not only a slap on us as delegates of COP. It's also a slap on Mother Earth."[18] Friends of the Earth groupsThe Friends of the Earth in each country are themselves many-tiered networks reaching from individual activists up to the national pressure group which campaigns for environmentally progressive and sustainable policies. The groups and activists carry out educational and research activities. as per their website, Friends of the Earth groups are required to act independently of party political, religious or other influences; be open, democratic and non-discriminatory in their internal structures; and be willing to cooperate with other organizations who are working for the same goals.[19] These are conditions of remaining a member of FOEI.[19] The national groups work on the main issues affecting their own country and choose to participate in the international campaigns of FoEI which are relevant to them. In turn, the local campaigners can work on local, national and/or international campaigns. Structure of the networkThe member organization in a particular country may name itself Friends of the Earth or an equivalent translated phrase in the national language, e.g., Friends of the Earth (US), Friends of the Earth (EWNI) (England Wales and Northern Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain and Argentina). However, roughly half of the member groups work under their own names, sometimes reflecting an independent origin and subsequent accession to the network, such as Pro Natura (Switzerland), the Korean Federation for Environmental Movement, Environmental Rights Action (FOE Nigeria) and WALHI (FOE Indonesia). Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) is supported by a secretariat based in Amsterdam, and an executive committee known as ExCom.[20] The ExCom is elected by all member groups at a general meeting held every two years, and it is the ExCom which employs the secretariat.[21] At the same general meeting, overall policies and priority activities are agreed. In addition to work which is coordinated at the FoEI level, national member groups are free to carry out their own campaigns and to work bi- or multi-laterally as they see fit, as long as this does not go against agreed policy at the international level. PublicationsDiet for a Small Planet by Frances Moore Lappé, 1971 The Meat Atlas is an annual report on the methods and impact of industrial animal agriculture. The publication consists of 27 short essays and, with the help of graphs, visualises facts about the production and consumption of meat. The Meat Atlas is jointly published by Friends of the Earth and Heinrich Böll Foundation.[22] Climate change
Notable supporters
Support for The Big AskAmong those present at the launch of Friends of the Earth (EWNI)'s climate change campaign The Big Ask were: Jude Law,[24] Edith Bowman, Siân Lloyd, Ross Burden, David Cameron, David Miliband, Thom Yorke, Stephen Merchant, Michael Eavis, and Emily Eavis.[25] Member organizationsAfrica
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Oceania
Bibliography
Notes and references1. ^{{cite news |title=Earth day - the greatest sham on earth |url=https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/environment/item/23011-earth-day-the-greatest-sham-on-earth |accessdate=16 October 2018 |publisher=The New American |date=26 March 1990}} 2. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.foei.org/news/karin-nansen-new-chair-friends-earth-international | title = Karin Nansen new chair Friends of the Earth International | publisher = Friends of the Earth International | accessdate = 2017-02-15 | date = 2017-01-12}} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.foei.org/no-category/excom | title = Excom | publisher = Friends of the Earth International | accessdate = 2017-02-15}} 4. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about |title = About Friends of the Earth International |publisher = Friends of the Earth International |accessdate = 2009-06-25 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090504190008/http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about |archivedate = 2009-05-04 |df = }} 5. ^Thomson, Jennifer (2017). "Surviving the 1970s: The Case of Friends of the Earth", Environmental History. Vol.22(2), p.235 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about/history|title=History|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016}} 7. ^{{cite news |title=Friends of the Earth ticked off over claims in anti-fracking leaflet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/04/friends-of-earth-ticked-off-claims-anti-fracking-leaflet |accessdate=16 October 2018 |publisher=The Guardian |date=4 January 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web |title=Our work |url=https://friendsoftheearth.uk/latest/successes |website=www.friendsoftheearth.uk |publisher=Friends of the earth UK |accessdate=16 October 2018}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/en/what-we-do|title=Home - Friends of the earth international|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231024/http://www.foei.org/en/what-we-do|archivedate=25 March 2014|df=}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-383932|title="Where do we go from Wyhl?" Transnational anti-nuclear protest targeting European and international organizations in the 1970s|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/en/what-we-do/land-grabbing/latest-news/friends-of-the-earth-europe-new-report-international-2018meat-atlas2019|title=Home - Friends of the earth international|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307190807/http://www.foei.org/en/what-we-do/land-grabbing/latest-news/friends-of-the-earth-europe-new-report-international-2018meat-atlas2019/|archivedate=7 March 2014|df=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/member-groups/north-america/united-states-of-america|title=United States of America - Friends of the Earth International|work=foei.org|accessdate=18 January 2017}} 13. ^{{cite news |title=Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth hit back over 'out-of-touch' criticism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jun/13/greenpeace-foe-charles-secrett-criticism |accessdate=16 October 2018 |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 June 2011}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/business/energy-environment/in-nigeria-plans-for-the-worlds-largest-refinery.html|title=In Nigeria, Plans for the World’s Largest Refinery|last=Edozien|first=Frankie|date=2018-10-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/12/08/shell-oil-executive-boasts-that-his-company-influenced-the-paris-agreement/|title=Shell Oil Executive Boasts That His Company Influenced the Paris Agreement|last=Aronoff|first=Kate|date=2018-12-08|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-11}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://popularresistance.org/shell-oil-executive-boasts-that-his-company-influenced-the-paris-agreement/|title=Shell Oil Executive Boasts That His Company Influenced The Paris Agreement|website=PopularResistance.Org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-11}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://theecologist.org/2018/jul/17/what-shell-knew-and-how-it-once-stalled-international-climate-negotiations|title=What Shell knew and how it once stalled international climate negotiations|website=The Ecologist|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11}} 18. ^{{Citation|last=Democracy Now!|title=Top U.S. & World Headlines — December 11, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv8wvzTJV2I|access-date=2018-12-11}} 19. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about/membercriteria.html|title=Home - Friends of the earth international|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831113748/http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about/membercriteria.html|archivedate=31 August 2010|df=}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about/staff.html|title=International secretariat|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about/structure.html|title=Home - Friends of the earth international|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409015123/http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about/structure.html|archivedate=9 April 2010|df=}} 22. ^[https://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas Meat Atlas], Friends of the Earth, download [https://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/foee_hbf_meatatlas_jan2014.pdf Meat Atlas] as pdf 23. ^{{cite book|first=Bill |last=Harry |title=The George Harrison Encyclopedia|publisher=Virgin Books|location=London |year=2003|isbn=978-0753508220|pp=28, 85}} 24. ^Radiohead's Thom Yorke to guest-edit Observer Magazine published March 20, 2008. 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/climate/news/big_ask_live/vip_lounge.html|title=Big names back The Big Ask|work=Friends of the Earth|accessdate=25 May 2016}} 26. ^[https://www.foeeurope.org/fed-up-30000-march-Berlin-190114 Friends of the Earth Europe, We are fed up: 30,000 march in Berlin, 19 January 2014] See also
External links{{Commons category|Friends of the Earth}}
5 : Friends of the Earth|Conservation organizations|Anti-nuclear organizations|Environmental organizations established in 1969|Environmental organizations established in 1971 |
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