| 词条 | Fritz Todt |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Fritz Todt | image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-146-01, Fritz Todt.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Reich Minister Todt March 1940 | order = | office = Reich Minister for Armaments and Ammunition | status = | term_start = 17 March 1940 | term_end = 8 February 1942 | leader = Adolf Hitler (Führer) | deputy = | predecessor = Position established | successor = Albert Speer | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|9|4}} | birth_place = Pforzheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1942|2|8|1891|9|4}} | death_place = near Rastenburg, Province of East Prussia Nazi Germany | death_cause = | resting_place = Invalids' Cemetery, Berlin | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = | nationality = | party = Nazi Party | height = | spouse = | relations = | children = | parents = Emil Todt (father) Elise Unterecker (mother) | relatives = | residence = | education = Construction engineering | alma_mater = Technical University of Munich & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology | occupation = | profession = Civil engineer | known_for = Chief of Organisation Todt | cabinet = Hitler Cabinet | awards = German Order | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | nickname = | allegiance = {{flag|German Empire}} | branch = Luftstreitkräfte | serviceyears = 1914–1918 | rank = Lieutenant of the reserve | unit = | commands = | battles = World War I | mawards = Iron Cross | footnotes = }} Fritz Todt (4 September 1891 – 8 February 1942) was a German construction engineer, senior Nazi, who rose from "Inspector General for German Roadways" where he directed the construction of German Autobahnen (Reichsautobahnen) to Reich Minister for Armaments and Ammunition where he directed the entire war military economy. At the beginning of World War II he initiated what Hitler named Organisation Todt, a military engineering company which supplied industry with forced labor and administered all constructions of concentration camps in the late phase of the Third Reich. He died in a mysterious airplane crash in 1942. Early life and educationTodt was born in Pforzheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden, today's Baden-Württemberg to Emil Todt (1861–1909) and his wife Elise née Unterecker (1869–1935). His father owned a small ring factory. During 1910, he volunteered for one-year military service. From 1911 to 1914, Todt studied engineering at Technical University of Munich and at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, graduating with a Diplom degree in construction engineering from the latter.[1] During World War I, he served initially with the infantry and then as front line reconnaissance observer within the Luftstreitkräfte (the German Air Forces – DLSK), winning the Iron Cross. After the war he resumed his studies, graduating during 1920.[1] CareerDuring 1921 he initially worked on waterpower stations for the Grün & Bilfinger AG, Mannheim company and, later during 1921, the civil engineering company {{ill|Sager & Woerner|de}} and worked there until 1933.[1] On 5 January 1922, he joined the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), or "Nazi Party". During 1931, he became an Oberführer (senior Colonel) in the Sturmabteilung (SA), which was then commanded by Ernst Röhm. During 1932, Todt completed his thesis at Technical University of Munich "Fehlerquellen beim Bau von Landstraßendecken aus Teer und Asphalt" – "Sources of defects in the construction of tarmac and asphalt road surfaces" and became a Dr.-Ing..[1] Nazi Germany, 1933-41During July 1933, five months after Hitler became Reichskanzler, Todt was appointed "Inspector General for German Roadways" (Generalinspektor für das deutsche Straßenwesen). This public authority (Oberste Reichsbehörde) was privileged to be outside the hierarchy of Reich Ministeries, and Todt was subordinated directly to Hitler.[1] Alan S. Milward characterized this phase as follows: "His personal views on business questions and, what was more important, the success of the motorway project kept Todt in the inner circle of the Führer. At the same time, his deliberate pose as a technical expert, as a man without interest in internal power struggles, saved him from the adversaries of the more important party leaders for long time. "[2]{{rp|44}} He was given the task of organizing a new construction company for the motorways (Reichsautobahnen).[3] He edited the journal Die Strasse, which was a publication of his agency from 1934 - 1942.[4] For his work on the autobahnen, Todt was recognized with the German National Prize for Art and Science by Hitler, next to Ernst Heinkel, Ferdinand Porsche and Willy Messerschmitt.[1] Hitler donated the award during 1937, devised as a replacement for the Nobel Prize, which Hitler forbade Germans from accepting starting during 1936.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} During 1938, he became Leiter des Hauptamts für Technik in der Reichsleitung der NSDAP ("Director of the Head Office for Engineering in the National Directorate of the NSDAP") and during December Generalbevollmächtigter für die Regelung der Bauwirtschaft ("General Commissioner for the Regulation of the Construction Industry") At the beginning of WWII he was also appointed to the rank of Generalmajor of the Luftwaffe.[1] During May 1938, he initiated the Organisation Todt (OT), joining together government firms, private companies and the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service).[1] OT used up to 800,000 forced laborers (Zwangsarbeiter) from countries Germany occupied during World War II.[1] Todt was responsible for the construction of the "West Wall" (commonly named the "Siegfried Line" in English-speaking countries) to defend the Reich territory. On 17 March 1940, Todt was appointed Reichsminister für Bewaffnung und Munition ("Minister for Armaments and Munitions") which meant he managed the entire military economy.[1] After the invasion of the USSR during June 1941, Todt was appointed to manage the restoration of the infrastructure there. At the end of July 1941 he was named Inspector General for water and energy. During that year, he became increasingly distant from the commanders of the Wehrmacht and in particular, from Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe (Commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe).[1] After an inspection tour of the Eastern Front, Todt complained to Hitler that without better equipment and supplies for the armed forces it would be better to end the war with the USSR.[1] Hitler rejected such an assessment and continued the offensive against the Soviets regardless. Personal life{{expand section|date=July 2017}}Todt was married and had 3 daughters and one son.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} On September 4, 1941, the occasion of his 50th birthday, he founded the Dr. Fritz Todt Foundation, the goal of which was to promote young talents of technicians, especially young people from poor families by a training subsidy. Death, 1942On 8 February 1942, soon after takeoff from the Wolfsschanze ("Wolf's Lair") airfield near Rastenburg in East Prussia, Todt's aircraft crashed.[1] He was buried in the Invalids' Cemetery in the Scharnhorst-Strasse in Berlin. Posthumously he became the first receiver of the newly created Deutscher Orden ("German Order")[1] the most important award that the Nazi Party could bestow on a person for "duties of the highest order to the state and party".{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} It has been suggested that Todt was the victim of an assassination, but this has never been confirmed.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Todt's successor as Reichsminister was Albert Speer, whom Hitler awarded an Org.Todt ring during May 1943. Speer mentioned the Reich Air Ministry enquiry into the airplane accident, which he said ended with the sentence: "The possibility of sabotage is ruled out. Further measures are therefore neither requisite nor intended". Speer, who was present and had declined to ride on the same flight, thought this wording was "curious".[5]{{rp|279}} Major Awards
LegacyDr.-Fritz-Todt-AwardOn 8 February 1944, the second anniversary of Todt's death, Hitler awarded the Dr.-Fritz-Todt-Preis as a Badge of Honor of the Nazi Party for "Innovative accomplishments, which are of great importance for the Volk community because of the improvement of their weapons, ammunition and military equipment, and the saving of labor, raw materials and energy". The Badge of Honor came with a material prize and a certificate, was awarded as a medal made of gold, silver, or steel. The Golden Award of Honor was presented by Hitler in person upon proposal by the responsible Gauleiter, upon the joint proposal of Robert Ley, the director of the corresponding Deutsche Arbeitsfront and NSDAP leaders, and the director of the "Main office for Technology in the NSDAP", Albert Speer.[8] See also{{wikiquote}}{{Commons category|Fritz Todt}}{{Wikisource|Adolf Hitler's Oration at the Funeral of Reich Minister Dr. Fritz Todt}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Stefan Kuhn Fritz Todt Deutsches Historisches Museum online, 17. September 2015 (German) 2. ^Alan S. Milward: Fritz Todt als Minister für Bewaffnung und Munition. In: {{ill|Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte|de}} 14, 1966, Heft 1, p. 40–58). 3. ^{{cite book| last=Stephenson| first=Charles| title=The Channel Islands 1941–45: Hitler's Impregnable Fortress|page=16|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84176-921-9}} 4. ^R. Vahrenkamp Register for "Die Strasse" University of Kassel 5. ^Albert Speer's autobiography: Erinnerungen. Ullstein, Berlin 1969, {{ISBN|3-549-07184-1}}. 6. ^Todt, Fritz ww2awards.com, STIWOT, n.d. accessed 14 July 2017. 7. ^Der deutsche Baumeister 12/1939. 8. ^Peter Koblank.Best of Koblank Die Göring-Speer-Verordnung. Arbeitnehmererfindungsrecht im Dritten Reich / Dr.-Fritz-Todt-Preis. EUREKA impulse 12/2012, p. 2. Further reading
External links
21 : 1891 births|1942 deaths|People from Pforzheim|People from the Grand Duchy of Baden|German architects|German civil engineers|Luftstreitkräfte personnel|Nazis who served in World War I|Sturmabteilung officers|Holocaust perpetrators|Nazi architects|Nazi Germany ministers|Nazi leaders|Major generals of the Luftwaffe|Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Poland|Werner von Siemens Ring laureates|Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery|Technical University of Munich alumni|Prussian Army personnel|Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914)|Recipients of the German Order (decoration) |
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