“Gabriela Mistral”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Lucila Godoy Alcayaga ({{IPA-es|luˈsila ɣoˈdoj alkaˈʝaɣa|am}}; 7 April 1889 – 10 January 1957), known by her pseudonym Gabriela Mistral ({{IPA-es|ɡaˈβɾjela misˈtɾal|lang}}), was a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and humanist. In 1945 she became the first Latin American author to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world". Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love, a mother's love, sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and European influences. Her portrait also appears on the 5,000 Chilean peso bank note.

Early life

Mistral was born in Vicuña, Chile,^[1] but was raised in the small Andean village of Montegrande, where she attended a primary school taught by her older sister, Emelina Molina. She respected her sister greatly, despite the many financial problems that Emelina brought her in later years. Her father, Juan Gerónimo Godoy Villanueva, was also a schoolteacher. He abandoned the family before she was three years old, and died, long since estranged from the family, in 1911. Throughout her early years she was never far from poverty. By age fifteen, she was supporting herself and her mother, Petronila Alcayaga, a seamstress, by working as a teacher's aide in the seaside town of Compañia Baja, near La Serena, Chile.

In 1904 Mistral published some early poems, such as Ensoñaciones ("Dreams"), Carta Íntima ("Intimate Letter") and Junto al Mar ("By the Sea"), in the local newspaper El Coquimbo: Diario Radical, and La Voz de Elqui using a range of pseudonyms and variations on her civil name.

In 1906, Mistral met Romelio Ureta, her first love, who killed himself in 1909. Shortly after, her second love married someone else. This heartbreak was reflected in her early poetry and earned Mistral her first recognized literary work in 1914 with Sonnets on Death (Sonnets de la muerte). Mistral was awarded first prize in a national literary contest Juegos Florales in the Chilean capital, Santiago. Writing about his suicide led the poet to consider death and life more broadly than previous generations of Latin American poets. While Mistral had passionate friendships with various men and women, and these impacted her writings, she was secretive about her emotional life.

She had been using the pen name Gabriela Mistral since June 1908 for much of her writing. After winning the Juegos Florales she infrequently used her given name of Lucila Godoy for her publications. She formed her pseudonym from the names of two of her favorite poets, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Frédéric Mistral or, as another story has it, from a composite of the Archangel Gabriel and the mistral wind of Provence.

In 1922, Mistral released her first book, Desolation (Desolacion), with the help of the Director of Hispanic Institute of New York, Federico de Onis. It was a collection of poems that encompassed motherhood, religion, nature, morality and love of children. Her personal sorrow was present in the poems and her International reputation was established. Her work was a turn from modernism in Latin America and was marked by critics as direct, yet simplistic. In 1924, she released her second book, Tenderness (Ternura).

Career as an educator

Mistral's meteoric rise in Chile's national school system plays out against the complex politics of Chile in the first two decades of the 20th century. In her adolescence, the need for teachers was so great, and the number of trained teachers was so small, especially in the rural areas, that anyone who was willing could find work as a teacher. Access to good schools was difficult, however, and the young woman lacked the political and social connections necessary to attend the Normal School: She was turned down, without explanation, in 1907. She later identified the obstacle to her entry as the school's chaplain, Father Ignacio Munizaga, who was aware of her publications in the local newspapers, her advocacy of liberalizing education and giving greater access to the schools to all social classes.

Although her formal education had ended by 1900, she was able to get work as a teacher thanks to her older sister, Emelina, who had likewise begun as a teacher's aide and was responsible for much of the poet's early education. The poet was able to rise from one post to another because of her publications in local and national newspapers and magazines. Her willingness to move was also a factor. Between the years 1906 and 1912 she had taught, successively, in three schools near La Serena, then in Barrancas, then Traiguén in 1910, and in Antofagasta in the desert north, in 1911. By 1912 she had moved to work in a liceo, or high school, in Los Andes, where she stayed for six years and often visited Santiago. In 1918 Pedro Aguirre Cerda, then Minister of Education and a future president of Chile, promoted her appointment to direct a liceo in Punta Arenas. She moved on to Temuco in 1920, then to Santiago, where in 1921, she defeated a candidate connected with the Radical Party, Josefina Dey del Castillo, to be named director of Santiago's Liceo #6, the country's newest and most prestigious girls' school.

Controversies over the nomination of Gabriela Mistral to the highly coveted post in Santiago were among the factors that made her decide to accept an invitation to work in Mexico in 1922, with that country's Minister of Education, José Vasconcelos. He had her join in the nation's plan to reform libraries and schools, to start a national education system. That year she published Desolación in New York, which further promoted the international acclaim she had already been receiving thanks to her journalism and public speaking. A year later she published Lecturas para Mujeres (Readings for Women), a text in prose and verse that celebrates Latin America from the broad, Americanist perspective developed in the wake of the Mexican Revolution.

Following almost two years in Mexico she traveled from Laredo, Texas, to Washington D.C., where she addressed the Pan American Union, went on to New York, then toured Europe: In Madrid she published Ternura (Tenderness), a collection of lullabies and rondas written for an audience of children, parents, and other poets. In early 1925 she returned to Chile, where she formally retired from the nation's education system, and received a pension. It wasn't a moment too soon: The legislature had just agreed to the demands of the teachers union, headed by Mistral's lifelong rival, Amanda Labarca Hubertson, that only university-trained teachers should be given posts in the schools. The University of Chile had granted her the academic title of Spanish Professor in 1923, although her formal education ended before she was 12 years old. Her autodidacticism was remarkable, a testimony to the flourishing culture of newspapers, magazines, and books in provincial Chile, as well as to her personal determination and verbal genius.

The poet Pablo Neruda, Chile's second Nobel Prize recipient, was one of her students.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

International work and recognition

Mistral's international stature made it highly unlikely that she would remain in Chile. In mid-1925 she was invited to represent Latin America in the newly formed Institute for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. With her relocation to France in early 1926 she was effectively an exile for the rest of her life. She made a living, at first, from journalism and then giving lectures in the United States and in Latin America, including Puerto Rico. She variously toured the Caribbean, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, among other places.

Mistral lived primarily in France and Italy between 1926 and 1932. During these years she worked for the League for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, attending conferences of women and educators throughout Europe and occasionally in the Americas. She held a visiting professorship at Barnard College of Columbia University in 1930–1931, worked briefly at Middlebury College and Vassar College in 1931, and was warmly received at the University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, where she variously gave conferences or wrote, in 1931, 1932, and 1933.

Like many Latin American artists and intellectuals, Mistral served as a consul from 1932 until her death, working in Naples, Madrid, Lisbon, Nice,^[1] Petrópolis, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Veracruz, Rapallo, and New York City. As consul in Madrid, she had occasional professional interactions with another Chilean consul and Nobel Prize recipient, Pablo Neruda, and she was among the earlier writers to recognize the importance and originality of his work, which she had known while he was a teenager and she was school director in his hometown of Temuco.

She published hundreds of articles in magazines and newspapers throughout the Spanish-speaking world. Among her confidants were Eduardo Santos, President of Colombia, all of the elected Presidents of Chile from 1922 to her death in 1957, Eduardo Frei Montalva, who would be elected president in 1964, and Eleanor Roosevelt.

The poet's second major volume of poetry, Tala, appeared in 1938, published in Buenos Aires with the help of longtime friend and correspondent Victoria Ocampo. The proceeds for the sale were devoted to children orphaned by the Spanish Civil War. This volume includes many poems celebrating the customs and folklore of Latin America as well as Mediterranean Europe. Mistral uniquely fuses these locales and concerns, a reflection of her identification as "una mestiza de vasco," her European Basque-Indigenous Amerindian background.

On 14 August 1943, Mistral's 17-year-old nephew, Juan Miguel Godoy, killed himself. Mistral considered Juan Miguel as a son. It is said that she fell in love with an Italian man and bared a son from him when she was 35 years old. She called her son Yin Yin but everyone thought he was he nephew but only her best friend Doris knew the truth.^[2] The grief of this death, as well as her responses to tensions of World War II and then the Cold War in Europe and the Americas, are all reflected in the last volume of poetry published in her lifetime, Lagar, which appeared in a truncated form in 1954. A final volume of poetry, Poema de Chile, was edited posthumously by her friend Doris Dana and published in 1967. Poema de Chile describes the poet's return to Chile after death, in the company of an Indian boy from the Atacama desert and an Andean deer, the huemul. This collection of poetry anticipates the interests in objective description and re-vision of the epic tradition just then becoming evident among poets of the Americas, all of whom Mistral read carefully.

On 15 November 1945, Mistral became the first Latin American, and fifth woman, to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. She received the award in person from King Gustav of Sweden on 10 December 1945. In 1947 she received a doctor honoris causa from Mills College, Oakland, California. In 1951 she was awarded the National Literature Prize in Chile.

Poor health somewhat slowed Mistral's traveling. During the last years of her life she made her home in the town of Roslyn, New York; in early January 1957 she transferred to Hempstead, New York, where she died from pancreatic cancer on 10 January 1957, aged 67. Her remains were returned to Chile nine days later. The Chilean government declared three days of national mourning, and hundreds of thousands of mourners came to pay her their respects.

Some of Mistral's best known poems include Piececitos de Niño, Balada, Todas Íbamos a ser Reinas, La Oración de la Maestra, El Ángel Guardián, Decálogo del Artista and La Flor del Aire. She wrote and published some 800 essays in magazines and newspapers; she was also a well-known correspondent and highly regarded orator both in person and over the radio.

Mistral may be most widely quoted in English for Su Nombre es Hoy (His Name is Today):

Mistral's work is characterized by including gray tones in her literature, sadness and bitterness are recurrent feelings on it. These are evoked in her writings as the reflection of a hard childhood which was plagued by deprivation coupled with a lack of affection in her home. However, Gabriela Mistral also shows through in her writings a great affection for children, since in her youth she became a teacher in a rural school. Religion was also reflected in her literature as it had great influence of Catholicism in her life, however, she always reflected a more neutral stance regarding the conception of religion, so we can find in their literature gray tones combined with feelings of love and piety, making her into one of the worthiest representatives of Latin American literature of twentieth century.^[4]

Reading her own work

From the Library of Congress files chilean writer Gabriela Mistral reads some of her poems. [https://www.loc.gov/item/93842712/]

Death, posthumous tributes and legacy

The image of Gabriela Mistral is the subject of a recent controversy. During the 1970s and 1980s, the image of Gabriela Mistral was appropriated by the military dictatorship of Pinochet presenting her as a symbol of "submission to the authority" and "social order".^[6] Views of her as a saint-like celibate and suffering heterosexual woman have been challenged by author Licia Fiol-Matta who contends that she was rather a closet lesbian. Chilean poet Volodia Teitelboim has however declared he has not found any traces indicative of lesbianism in her writings. When the thesis of the lesbianism of Mistral was put forward in the early 2000s, some of her personal letters were published showing she had an exchange of love letters with a male poet.^[5]

Mistral had diabetes and heart problems. Eventually she died of pancreatic cancer in Hempstead Hospital in New York City on 10 January 1957,^[1] being 67 years of age, with Doris Dana by her side.

Themes

Gabriela Mistral has been an influential part for Latin American Poetry. A powerful speech given by a member of the Swedish Academy, a Swedish writer Hjalmar Gullberg set the stage to understand the perspective and the emotions of who is Gabriela Mistral. Discussing how the first foreign verses of French poet Frédéric Mistral were not able to be understood by his own mother, Gulberg explained how the old language of troubadours became the language of poetry.^[9] Ten years later with the birth of Gabriela Mistral, the language of the poets will continue to thrive and be heard for many years to come. The voice emitted from the mouth of Gabriela Mistral was able to shake the world and create a dent to society that opened the eyes and cleared the ears of those who are willing to hear her voice.

Gullberg states, “she lifted her cry to the Heaven[1]…”, after experiencing the loss of her first love through suicide the young poet became Gabriela Mistral and her poetic words would begin to spread over all South America and other parts of the world. Since very little is known of her first love, we do know that his betrayal helped to create Mistral’s poems filled with themes of death and despair, perhaps hatred toward God. In memory of her first love and later after the loss of a nephew who she loved like a son her collection of poems titled Desolación, would begin to impact many others. The fifteenth poem found in Desolación, shed tears for the loss of a child that will never be born to that of a dead man. These tears are commonly shed from the eyes of parents who love their children but suffer having them be taken away so soon, theme of loss for those who are loved.

Themes of death, desolation and loss do not entirely fill the pages of Gabriela Mistral’s books. Other themes such as love and motherhood, not just the love for her beloved railroad employee and nephew (son), were transferred to the very children she taught. It comes to no surprise that the name of her collection of songs and rounds is titled Ternura, to express her feelings of love she has for the children of her school. Printed in Madrid in 1924, her next collection of love filled words was felt and well received by four thousand Mexican children who would honor her by singing her very own collection of heart-felt words. Thanks to the hard work and profound dedication to her children she became known as the poet of motherhood.^[9]

Having lived through two world wars and many other violent wars, paved the path for a third large collection, Tala (a title that was said to mean “ravage” by Gullberg). The poems in Tala contains a mixture of sacred hymn naïve song for children, poems that talk about water, corn, salt and wine. Gullberg continues to pay homage to Gabriela Mistral, who he says has become the great singer of sorrow and motherhood for Latin America. Gabriela Mistral’s wonderful collections of poems and songs have created an atmosphere that expresses her care for children and all her sorrows that she has had to endure throughout her years as a teacher and a poet for Latin America. Themes of sorrow and motherhood that can be felt with every word that is expressed in her work.

Awards and honors

The Venezuelan writer and diplomat who worked under the name Lucila Palacios took her nom de plume in honour of Mistral's original name.^[7]

Works

Works translated into other languages

English

Several selections of Mistral's poetry have been published in English translation, including those by Doris Dana,^[15]

Nepali

Some of Mistral's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel, and collected in an anthology titled Manpareka Kehi Kavita.^[18]^[19]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gabriela-Mistral|title=Gabriela Mistral {{!}} Chilean poet|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-23|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/revelaron-escritora-gabriela-mistral-hijo_0_ryM4cLhxCtx.html | title=Revelaron que la escritora Gabriela Mistral tuvo un hijo}}
3. ^"School Histories: the Stories Behind the Names {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710153727/http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=0afe09c28afc3110VgnVCM10000028147fa6RCRD&vgnextchannel=2e2b2f796138c010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD |date=July 10, 2011 }}." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on 24 September 2008.
4. ^Dario, R., & Mistral, G. (2018). Gabriela Mistral y su Obra Poética Author ( s ): Salvador Dinamarca Published by : American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/334596, 41(1), 48–50.
5. ^¹{{cite news |last= |first= |date=7 June 2003|title=Gabriela Mistral: poeta y lesbiana |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-995948 |work=El Tiempo |location= |access-date=23 June 2017 }}
6. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1945/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945|last=|first=|date=|website=The Nobel Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=19 November 2018}}
7. ^Tomado de los Libros: "¿Qué Celebramos Hoy?" de Vinicio Romero Martínez y Segunda edición "Dicionario de Historia de Venezuela". Fundación Polar. 4.º tomo. Segunda edición
8. ^Web page titled "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945/Gabriela Mistral/Biography", at the Nobel Prize website. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Web page titled "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945/Gabriela Mistral/Bibliography", Nobel Prize website. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
10. ^Tapscott, Stephen, editor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpnepoeQDIoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Selected prose and prose-poems By Gabriela Mistral], page x, University of Texas Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-292-75260-1}}, retrieved via Google Books on 22 September 2010
11. ^Tapscott, Stephen, editor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KiGRzqMgVC4C&pg=PA79&dq=Gabriela+Mistral+%22Decalogo+del+artista%22&hl=en&ei=coyaTN3RDcWclgfX0om7Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry: A Bilingual Anthology], p 79, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996 (2003, fifth paperback printing), {{ISBN|0-292-78140-7}}, retrieved via Google Books on 22 September 2010
12. ^Web page titled "Bibliografia", at the Gabriela Mistral Foundation website. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
13. ^Web page titled "Gabriela Mistral/Cronologia 1946–1967" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901070326/http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/mistral/cronologia/1946_1967.htm |date=2010-09-01 }}, at the Centro Virtual Cervantes website. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
14. ^Horan, Elizabeth, "Gabriela Mistral" article, "Selected Works" section, p 557, in Smith, Verity, editor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bFdc24rnt_IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Encyclopedia of Latin American literature], Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997, retrieved via Google Books, 22 September 2010
15. ^{{cite book |last1=Dana |first1=Doris |title=Selected poems of Gabriela Mistral |date=1971 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |isbn=978-0801811975 |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?q=editions:ISBN080181197X |accessdate=1 November 2018}}
16. ^{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Langston |title=Selected Poems of Gabriela Mistral |date=1957 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1945/mistral/bibliography/ |accessdate=1 November 2018}}
17. ^{{cite book |last1=Le Guin |first1=Ursula |title=Selected Poems of Gabriela Mistral |date=August 2003 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0826328182 |url=http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Mistral.html |accessdate=1 November 2018}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Akhmatova|first1=Anna|author-link1=Anna Akhmatova|last2=Świrszczyńska|first2=Anna|author-link2=Anna Świrszczyńska|last3=Ginsberg |first3= Allen |author-link3=Allen Ginsberg|last4=Agustini |first4=Delmira |author-link4=Delmira Agustini|last5= Farrokhzad |first5=Forough |author-link5=Forough Farrokhzad|last6= Mistral |first6=Gabriela|author-link6=Gabriela Mistral| last7= Jacques |first7=Jacques |author-link7=Jacques Prévert|last8=Mahmoud |first8= Mahmoud|author-link8=Mahmoud Darwish| last9=Al-Malaika |first9= Nazik|author-link9= Nazik Al-Malaika|last10=Hikmet |first10=Nazim|author-link10=Nazim Hikmet|last11=Qabbani |first11= Nizar|author-link11=Nizar Qabbani| last12=Paz |first12=Octavio |author-link12=Octavio Paz| last13=Neruda |first13= Pablo |author-link13=Pablo Neruda|last14=Plath |first14=Sylvia |author-link14=Sylvia Plath|last15=Amichai |first15=Yehuda|author-link15=Yehuda Amichai|translator-last1=Pokhrel|translator-first1=Suman|translator-link1=Suman Pokhrel|translator-mask1=|year=2018|orig-year=|chapter=|title=Manpareka Kehi Kavita|script-title=ne:मनपरेका केही कविता|trans-title=Some Poems of My Choice|url=|dead-url=|format=Print|type=|series=|language=Nepali|edition=First|location=Kathmandu|publisher=Shikha Books|publication-date=2018|pages=174|isbn=}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=|script-title=ne:अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता'|trans-title=Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation |first=Geeta|last=Tripathi|publisher=Kalashree |pages=358–359|website=|year=2018|issue=7}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93842712/|title=Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral reading from her work|last=|first=|date=1950|website=Library of Congress, Hispanic Division|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 16, 2019}}