“Goldberg v. Kelly”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970),^[1] is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires an evidentiary hearing before a recipient of certain government welfare benefits can be deprived of such benefits.

The individual losing benefits is entitled to an oral hearing before an impartial decision-maker as well as the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and the right to a written statement setting out the evidence relied upon and the legal basis for the decision.^[2] There is no right to a formal trial. The case was decided 5-3. (There was a vacancy on the Court because of the resignation of Abe Fortas.)

Issues

Holdings

1. Welfare benefits are a matter of statutory entitlement for persons qualified to receive them and so procedural due process is applicable to their termination.^[3]

2. The interest of the eligible recipient in the uninterrupted receipt of public assistance, which provides him with essential food, clothing, housing, and medical care and the State's interest that his payments not be erroneously terminated clearly outweigh the State's competing concern to prevent any increase in its fiscal and administrative burdens.^[4]

3. A pre-termination evidentiary hearing is necessary to provide the welfare recipient with procedural due process.^[5]

(a) Such hearing need not take the form of a judicial or quasi-judicial trial, but the recipient must be provided with timely and adequate notice detailing the reasons for termination and an effective opportunity to defend by confronting adverse witnesses and by presenting his own arguments and evidence orally before the decision maker.^[6]

(b) Counsel need not be furnished at the pre-termination hearing, but the recipient must be allowed to retain an attorney.^[7]

(d) The decision maker need not file a full opinion or make formal findings of fact or conclusions of law but should state the reasons for his determination and indicate the evidence he relied on.^[9]

(e) The decision maker must be impartial, and although prior involvement in some aspects of a case will not necessarily bar a welfare official from acting as decision maker, he should not have participated in making the determination under review.^[9]^[10]

Discussion

The Goldberg decision set the parameters for procedural due process when dealing with the deprivation of a government benefit or entitlement. The Court held that a person has a property interest in certain government entitlements, which require notice and a hearing before a governmental entity (either state or federal) takes them away. Government-provided entitlements from the modern welfare state increased substantially in the United States during the 20th century. The Goldberg court decided that such entitlements (like welfare payments, government pensions, professional licenses), are a form of "new property" that require pre-deprivation procedural protection and so did away with the traditional distinction between rights and privileges.

The majority stated that welfare benefits are property^[11] and articulated the general proposition that welfare enjoys the same legal protection as other property.^[12] Justice Brennan noted that welfare benefits are "a matter of statutory entitlement for persons qualified to receive them" and added that "it may be realistic today to regard welfare entitlements as more like 'property' than a 'gratuity'" ^[13] Here Brennan cited Charles A. Reich' s book The New Property.^[12] The prohibition against deprivation of property without due process of law in the Fourteenth Amendment therefore applies to benefits termination.^[12]

This specific case dealt with 20 individuals who had been suspected of welfare fraud by New York City officials and were then denied municipal benefits.^[2] The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice William Brennan, while dissenting opinions were filed by Justices Hugo Black and Potter Stewart and Chief Justice Warren Burger. Brennan said at his retirement that he considered it the most important case he had ever decided; conservative columnist David Frum once claimed that the case was a major factor in New York City's 1975 budget meltdown.^[2]

John Kelly, acting on behalf of New York residents receiving financial assistance either under the federally-assisted program for Families with Dependent Children or under New York State's home relief program, challenged the constitutionality of procedures for notice and termination of such aid. Although originally offering no official notice or opportunity for hearings to those whose aid was scheduled for termination, the State of New York implemented a hearing procedure after commencement of Kelly's litigation.

The decision answered questions that had been unresolved in the previous Supreme Court cases of Rudder v. United States^[14] and Thorpe v. Housing Authority of Durham.^[15]^[16] The cases involved questions of denial of tenancy or eviction in governmental housing projects.

It has been noted that the precarious financial status of those in poverty may preclude an extensive litigation process despite the decision. The abstention doctrine presupposes the adequacy of state process to protect constitutional rights. Poor people may lack the funds to pursue a court hearing process.^[17]^[18]^[19] One solution has been the use of a preliminary injunction, which preserves the status quo while the litigation proceeds.^[20]

See also

Notes

1. ^https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/administrative-law/administrative-law-keyed-to-lawson/constitutional-constraints-on-agency-procedure/goldberg-v-kelly/ RET. Oct. 30, 2017, 09:27 CST
2. ^¹²{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= |pages= 228–229|url= }}
3. ^Pp. 261-263
4. ^Pp. 264-266
5. ^Pp. 264, 266-271
6. ^Pp. 266-270. [397 U.S. 254, 255]
7. ^P. 270
8. ^Mathews v. Eldridge, {{ussc|424|319|1976}}, opinion of the court, footnote 4. Text of footnote: In Goldberg the Court held that the pretermination hearing must include the following elements: (1) "timely and adequate notice detailing the reasons for a proposed termination"; (2) "an effective opportunity [for the recipient] to defend by confronting any adverse witnesses and by presenting his own arguments and evidence orally"; (3) retained counsel, if desired; (4) an "impartial" decisionmaker; (5) a decision resting "solely on the legal rules and evidence adduced at the hearing"; (6) a statement of reasons for the decision and the evidence relied on. 397 U.S., at 266 -271. In this opinion the term "evidentiary hearing" refers to a hearing generally of the type required in Goldberg.
9. ^¹P. 271
10. ^294 F. Supp. 893, affirmed
11. ^Compare Justice Black's dissenting opinion: "The Court, however, relies upon the Fourteenth Amendment and in effect says that failure of the government to pay a promised charitable installment to an individual deprives that individual of his own property, in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It somewhat strains credulity to say that the government's promise of charity to an individual is property belonging to that individual when the government denies that the individual is honestly entitled to receive such a payment."
12. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970)|url=http://uscivilliberties.org/cases/3867-goldberg-v-kelly-397-us-254-1970.html|author=Amy Shapiro|work=American Civil Liberties|publisher=American Civil Liberties|accessdate=19 January 2014|date=28 June 2012}}
13. ^Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970, majority opinion.
14. ^96 U.S. App. D. C. 329, 226 F.2d 51 (1955)
15. ^386 U. S. 670, 87 S. Ct. 1244 (1966)
16. ^393 U. S. 268, 89 S. Ct. 518 (1969)
17. ^LaFrance, ibid., pp. 514 et seq
18. ^Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479, 85, S. Ct. 1116 (1965)
19. ^Douglas v. City of Jeannette, 319 U. S. 157 63 S. Ct. 877 (1943), reh denied 319 U. S. 472, 63 S. Ct. 1170
20. ^LaFrance, ibid. p. 511

Issues

Holdings

Discussion

See also

Notes

References

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