“Good Friday”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Members of many Christian denominations, including the Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, and Reformed traditions, observe Good Friday with fasting and church services.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The date of Good Friday varies from one year to the next on both the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Eastern and Western Christianity disagree over the computation of the date of Easter and therefore of Good Friday. Good Friday is a widely instituted legal holiday around the world, including in most Western countries and 12 U.S. states.^[5] Some countries, such as Germany, have laws prohibiting certain acts, such as dancing and horse racing, that are seen as profaning the solemn nature of the day.^[6]^[7]

Name

Etymology

A common folk etymology claims "Good Friday" is a corruption of "God Friday". The term in fact comes from the sense "pious, holy" of the word good.^[8] The Oxford English Dictionary also gives other examples with the sense "of a day or season observed as holy by the church" as an archaic sense of good (good, adj. 8c) as in good tide meaning "Christmas" or "Shrove Tuesday", and Good Wednesday meaning the Wednesday in Holy Week.^[9]

Other languages

In German-speaking countries, Good Friday is generally referred to as Karfreitag (Kar from Old High German kara‚ "bewail", "grieve"‚ "mourn", Freitag for "Friday"): Mourning Friday. The Kar prefix is a cognate of the English word "care" in the sense of cares and woes; it meant mourning. The day is also known as Stiller Freitag ("Silent Friday") and Hoher Freitag ("High Friday, Holy Friday"). In the Nordic countries it is called "The Long Friday". In Greek, Polish and Hungarian, Good Friday is generally referred to as Great Friday (Μεγάλη Περασκευή, Wielki Piątek, Nagypéntek). In Bulgarian, Good Friday is called either Велики петък - Great Friday, or, more commonly, Разпети петък (approximate pronunciation 'razpeti petak') which literally translates to "Crucified Friday".

History

Biblical accounts

According to the accounts in the Gospels, the royal soldiers, guided by Jesus' disciple Judas Iscariot, arrested Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. Judas received money (30 pieces of silver) ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|26:14–16|KJV}}) for betraying Jesus and told the guards that whomever he kisses is the one they are to arrest. Following his arrest, Jesus was taken to the house of Annas, the father-in-law of the high priest, Caiaphas. There he was interrogated with little result and sent bound to Caiaphas the high priest where the Sanhedrin had assembled ({{Bibleverse||John|18:1–24|KJV}}).

Conflicting testimony against Jesus was brought forth by many witnesses, to which Jesus answered nothing. Finally the high priest adjured Jesus to respond under solemn oath, saying "I adjure you, by the Living God, to tell us, are you the Anointed One, the Son of God?" Jesus testified ambiguously, "You have said it, and in time you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Almighty, coming on the clouds of Heaven." The high priest condemned Jesus for blasphemy, and the Sanhedrin concurred with a sentence of death ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|26:57–66|KJV}}). Peter, waiting in the courtyard, also denied Jesus three times to bystanders while the interrogations were proceeding just as Jesus had predicted.

In the morning, the whole assembly brought Jesus to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate under charges of subverting the nation, opposing taxes to Caesar, and making himself a king ({{Bibleverse||Luke|23:1–2|KJV}}). Pilate authorized the Jewish leaders to judge Jesus according to their own law and execute sentencing; however, the Jewish leaders replied that they were not allowed by the Romans to carry out a sentence of death ({{Bibleverse||John|18:31|KJV}}).

Pilate questioned Jesus and told the assembly that there was no basis for sentencing. Upon learning that Jesus was from Galilee, Pilate referred the case to the ruler of Galilee, King Herod, who was in Jerusalem for the Passover Feast. Herod questioned Jesus but received no answer; Herod sent Jesus back to Pilate. Pilate told the assembly that neither he nor Herod found Jesus to be guilty; Pilate resolved to have Jesus whipped and released ({{Bibleverse||Luke|23:3–16|KJV}}). Under the guidance of the chief priests, the crowd asked for Barabbas, who had been imprisoned for committing murder during an insurrection. Pilate asked what they would have him do with Jesus, and they demanded, "Crucify him" ({{Bibleverse||Mark|15:6–14|KJV}}). Pilate's wife had seen Jesus in a dream earlier that day, and she forewarned Pilate to "have nothing to do with this righteous man" ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|27:19|KJV}}). Pilate had Jesus flogged and then brought him out to the crowd to release him. The chief priests informed Pilate of a new charge, demanding Jesus be sentenced to death "because he claimed to be God's son." This possibility filled Pilate with fear, and he brought Jesus back inside the palace and demanded to know from where he came ({{Bibleverse||John|19:1–9|KJV|}}).

Coming before the crowd one last time, Pilate declared Jesus innocent and washed his own hands in water to show he had no part in this condemnation. Nevertheless, Pilate handed Jesus over to be crucified in order to forestall a riot ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|27:24–26|KJV}}) and ultimately to keep his job. The sentence written was "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." Jesus carried his cross to the site of execution (assisted by Simon of Cyrene), called the "place of the Skull", or "Golgotha" in Hebrew and in Latin "Calvary". There he was crucified along with two criminals ({{Bibleverse||John|19:17–22|KJV}}).

Jesus agonized on the cross for six hours. During his last three hours on the cross, from noon to 3 pm, darkness fell over the whole land.^[10] Jesus spoke from the cross, quoting the messianic Psalm 22: "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"

With a loud cry, Jesus gave up his spirit. There was an earthquake, tombs broke open, and the curtain in the Temple was torn from top to bottom. This tear, according to Christian tradition, signified a removal of restriction of the common Jews from the Temple's "Holiest of Holies", and that God's people now could, themselves, communicate directly with their advocate before God, Jesus the Christ, rather than needing the Temple's High Priest as an intercessor.{{cn|date=October 2018}} The centurion on guard at the site of crucifixion declared, "Truly this was God's Son!" ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|27:45–54|KJV}})

Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrin and secret follower of Jesus, who had not consented to his condemnation, went to Pilate to request the body of Jesus ({{Bibleverse||Luke|23:50–52|KJV}}). Another secret follower of Jesus and member of the Sanhedrin named Nicodemus brought about a hundred-pound weight mixture of spices and helped wrap the body of Jesus ({{Bibleverse||John|19:39–40|KJV}}). Pilate asked confirmation from the centurion of whether Jesus was dead ({{Bibleverse||Mark|15:44|KJV}}). A soldier pierced the side of Jesus with a lance causing blood and water to flow out ({{Bibleverse||John|19:34|KJV}}), and the centurion informed Pilate that Jesus was dead ({{Bibleverse||Mark|15:45|KJV}}).

Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus' body, wrapped it in a clean linen shroud, and placed it in his own new tomb that had been carved in the rock ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|27:59–60|KJV}}) in a garden near the site of crucifixion. Nicodemus ({{Bibleverse||John|3:1|KJV}}) also brought 75 pounds of myrrh and aloes, and placed them in the linen with the body, in keeping with Jewish burial customs ({{Bibleverse||John|19:39–40|KJV}}). They rolled a large rock over the entrance of the tomb ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|27:60|KJV}}). Then they returned home and rested, because Shabbat had begun at sunset ({{Bibleverse||Luke|23:54–56|KJV}}). Matt. 28:1 "After the Shabbat, at dawn on the first day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to look at the tomb". i.e. "After the Sabbath, at dawn on the first day of the week,.......". "He is not here; he has risen, just as he said..........".(Matt. 28:6) On the third day, which is now known as Easter Sunday (or Pascha), Jesus rose from the dead.

In Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christianity

Byzantine Christians (Eastern Christians who follow the Rite of Constantinople: Orthodox Christians and Greek-Catholics) call this day "Great and Holy Friday", or simply "Great Friday".^[11]

Because the sacrifice of Jesus through his crucifixion is commemorated on this day, the Divine Liturgy (the sacrifice of bread and wine) is never celebrated on Great Friday, except when this day coincides with the Great Feast of the Annunciation, which falls on the fixed date of 25 March (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 25 March currently falls on 7 April of the modern Gregorian Calendar). Also on Great Friday, the clergy no longer wear the purple or red that is customary throughout Great Lent,^[12] but instead don black vestments. There is no "stripping of the altar" on Holy and Great Thursday as in the West; instead, all of the church hangings are changed to black, and will remain so until the Divine Liturgy on Great Saturday.

The faithful revisit the events of the day through public reading of specific Psalms and the Gospels, and singing hymns about Christ's death. Rich visual imagery and symbolism as well as stirring hymnody are remarkable elements of these observances. In the Orthodox understanding, the events of Holy Week are not simply an annual commemoration of past events, but the faithful actually participate in the death and resurrection of Jesus.

Great and Holy Friday is observed as a strict fast, also called the Black Fast, and adult Byzantine Christians are expected to abstain from all food and drink the entire day to the extent that their health permits. "On this Holy day neither a meal is offered nor do we eat on this day of the crucifixion. If someone is unable or has become very old [or is] unable to fast, he may be given bread and water after sunset. In this way we come to the holy commandment of the Holy Apostles not to eat on Great Friday."^[13]

Matins of Holy and Great Friday

The Byzantine Christian observance of Holy and Great Friday, which is formally known as The Order of Holy and Saving Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, begins on Thursday night with the Matins of the Twelve Passion Gospels. Scattered throughout this Matins service are twelve readings from all four of the Gospels which recount the events of the Passion from the Last Supper through the Crucifixion and burial of Jesus. Some churches have a candelabrum with twelve candles on it, and after each Gospel reading one of the candles is extinguished.

The first of these twelve readings {{Bibleverse||John|13:31–18:1|KJV}} is the longest Gospel reading of the liturgical year, and is a concatenation from all four Gospels. Just before the sixth Gospel reading, which recounts Jesus being nailed to the cross, a large cross is carried out of the sanctuary by the priest, accompanied by incense and candles, and is placed in the center of the nave (where the congregation gathers)Sēmeron Kremātai Epí Xýlou:

During the service, all come forward to kiss the feet of Christ on the cross. After the Canon, a brief, moving hymn, The Wise Thief is chanted by singers who stand at the foot of the cross in the center of the nave. The service does not end with the First Hour, as usual, but with a special dismissal by the priest:

Royal Hours

The next day, in the forenoon on Friday, all gather again to pray the Royal Hours, a special expanded celebration of the Little Hours (including the First Hour, Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Ninth Hour and Typica) with the addition of scripture readings (Old Testament, Epistle and Gospel) and hymns about the Crucifixion at each of the Hours (some of the material from the previous night is repeated). This is somewhat more festive in character, and derives its name of "Royal" from both the fact that the Hours are served with more solemnity than normal, commemorating Christ the King who humbled himself for the salvation of mankind, and also from the fact that this service was in the past attended by the Emperor and his court.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Vespers of Holy and Great Friday

In the afternoon, around 3 pm, all gather for the Vespers of the Taking-Down from the Cross, commemorating the Deposition from the Cross. The Gospel reading is a concatenation taken from all four of the Gospels. During the service, the body of Christ (the soma) is removed from the cross, as the words in the Gospel reading mention Joseph of Arimathea, wrapped in a linen shroud, and taken to the altar in the sanctuary. Near the end of the service an epitaphios or "winding sheet" (a cloth embroidered with the image of Christ prepared for burial) is carried in procession to a low table in the nave which represents the Tomb of Christ; it is often decorated with an abundance of flowers. The epitaphios itself represents the body of Jesus wrapped in a burial shroud, and is a roughly full-size cloth icon of the body of Christ. Then the priest may deliver a homily and everyone comes forward to venerate the epitaphios. In the Slavic practice, at the end of Vespers, Compline is immediately served, featuring a special Canon of the Crucifixion of our Lord and the Lamentation of the Most Holy Theotokos by Symeon the Logothete.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Matins of Holy and Great Saturday

On Friday night, the Matins of Holy and Great Saturday, a unique service known as The Lamentation at the Tomb (Epitáphios Thrēnos) is celebrated. This service is also sometimes called Jerusalem Matins. Much of the service takes place around the tomb of Christ in the center of the nave.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

A unique feature of the service is the chanting of the Lamentations or Praises (Enkōmia), which consist of verses chanted by the clergy interspersed between the verses of Psalm 119 (which is, by far, the longest psalm in the Bible). The Enkōmia are the best-loved hymns of Byzantine hymnography, both their poetry and their music being uniquely suited to each other and to the spirit of the day. They consist of 185 tercet antiphons arranged in three parts (stáseis or "stops"), which are interjected with the verses of Psalm 119, and nine short doxastiká ("Gloriae") and Theotókia (invocations to the Virgin Mary). The three stáseis are each set to its own music, and are commonly known by their initial antiphons: {{lang|grc|Ἡ ζωὴ ἐν τάφῳ}}, "Life in a grave", {{lang|grc|Ἄξιον ἐστί}}, "Worthy it is", and {{lang|grc|Αἱ γενεαὶ πᾶσαι}}, "All the generations". Musically they can be classified as strophic, with 75, 62, and 48 tercet stanzas each, respectively. The climax of the Enkōmia comes during the third stásis, with the antiphon "Ō glyký mou Éar", a lamentation of the Virgin for her dead Child ("O, my sweet spring, my sweetest child, where has your beauty gone?"). The author(s) and date of the Enkōmia are unknown. Their High Attic linguistic style suggests a dating around the 6th century, possibly before the time of St. Romanos the Melodist.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

At the end of the Great Doxology, while the Trisagion is sung, the epitaphios is taken in procession around the outside the church, and is then returned to the tomb. Some churches observe the practice of holding the epitaphios at the door, above waist level, so the faithful most bow down under it as they come back into the church, symbolizing their entering into the death and resurrection of Christ. The epitaphios will lay in the tomb until the Paschal Service early Sunday morning. In some churches, the epitaphios is never left alone, but is accompanied 24 hours a day by a reader chanting from the Psalter.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

In the Roman Catholic Church

Day of Fasting

The Catholic Church regards Good Friday and Holy Saturday as the Paschal fast, in accord with Article 110 of Sacrosanctum Concilium.^[16] In the Latin Church, a fast day is understood as having only one full meal and two collations (a smaller repast, the two of which together do not equal the one full meal)^[17]^[18] – although this may be observed less stringently on Holy Saturday than on Good Friday.^[16]

Services on the day

The Roman Rite has no celebration of Mass between the Lord's Supper on Holy Thursday evening and the Easter Vigil unless a special exemption is granted for rare solemn or grave occasions by the Vatican or the local bishop. The only sacraments celebrated during this time are Baptism (for those in danger of death), Penance, and Anointing of the Sick.^[19] While there is no celebration of the Eucharist, it is distributed to the faithful only in the Service of the Passion of the Lord, but can also be taken at any hour to the sick who are unable to attend this service.^[20] After the Lord's Supper any candlesticks and altar cloths, cross or crosses are removed leaving it bare so that they may be returned in-ceremony on Easter Sunday which memorialises the day of Christ's resurrection.^[21] It is also customary to empty the holy water fonts in preparation of the blessing of the water at the Easter Vigil.^[22] Traditionally, no bells are rung on Good Friday or Holy Saturday until the Easter Vigil.^[23]

The Celebration of the Passion of the Lord takes place in the afternoon, ideally at three o'clock; however, for pastoral reasons (especially in countries where Good Friday is not a public holiday), it is permissible to celebrate the liturgy earlier, even shortly after midday, or at a later hour up until 9pm.^[24]^[25]

The vestments used are red (more commonly) or black (more traditionally).^[26] Before 1970, vestments were black except for the Communion part of the rite when violet was used.^[27] Before 1955 black was used throughout.^[28] If a bishop or abbot celebrates, he wears a plain mitre (mitra simplex).^[29]

Liturgy

The Good Friday liturgy consists of three parts: the Liturgy of the Word, the Veneration of the Cross, and Holy Communion.

Stations of the Cross

In addition to the prescribed liturgical service, the Stations of the Cross are often prayed either in the church or outside, and a prayer service may be held from midday to 3.00 pm, known as the Three Hours' Agony. In countries such as Malta, Italy, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Spain, processions with statues representing the Passion of Christ are held.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

In Rome, since the papacy of Saint John Paul II, the heights of the Temple of Venus and Roma and their position opposite the main entrance to the Colosseum have been used to good effect as a public address platform. This may be seen in the photograph below where a red canopy has been erected to shelter the Pope as well as an illuminated cross, on the occasion of the Way of the Cross ceremony. The Pope, either personally or through a representative, leads the faithful through meditations on the stations of the cross while a cross is carried from there to the Colosseum.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

In Polish churches, a tableau of Christ's Tomb is unveiled in the sanctuary. Many of the faithful spend long hours into the night grieving at the Tomb, where it is customary to kiss the wounds on the Lord's body. A life-size figure of Jesus lying in his tomb is widely visited by the faithful, especially on Holy Saturday. The tableaux may include flowers, candles, figures of angels standing watch, and the three crosses atop Mt Calvary, and much more. Each parish strives to come up with the most artistically and religiously evocative arrangement in which the Blessed Sacrament, draped in a filmy veil, is prominently displayed.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ

The Roman Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as acts of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus suffered during his Passion on Good Friday. These Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ do not involve a petition for a beneficiary, but aim to "repair the sins" against Jesus. Some such prayers are provided in the Raccolta Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the Holy See in 1898) which also includes prayers as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]

In his encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor on reparations, Pope Pius XI called Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ a duty for Catholics and referred to them as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.^[42]

Anglican Communion

The 1662 Book of Common Prayer did not specify a particular rite to be observed on Good Friday but local custom came to mandate an assortment of services, including the Seven Last Words from the Cross and a three-hour service consisting of Matins, Ante-communion (using the Reserved Sacrament in high church parishes) and Evensong. In recent times,{{When|date=April 2017}} revised editions of the Prayer Book and Common Worship have re-introduced pre-Reformation forms of observance of Good Friday corresponding to those in today's Roman Catholic Church, with special nods to the rites that had been observed in the Church of England prior to the Henrican, Edwardian and Elizabethan reforms, including Creeping to the Cross.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Lutheran Church

In Lutheran tradition from the 16th to the 20th century, Good Friday was the most important religious holiday, and abstention from all worldly works was expected. During that time, Lutheranism had no restrictions on the celebration of the Eucharist on Good Friday; on the contrary, it was a prime day on which to receive the Eucharist, and services were often accentuated by special music such as the St Matthew Passion by Johann Sebastian Bach.^[49]

More recently, Lutheran liturgical practice has recaptured Good Friday as part of the larger sweep of the great Three Days: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and the Vigil of Easter. The Three Days remain one liturgy which celebrates the death and resurrection of Jesus. As part of the liturgy of the Three Days, Lutherans generally fast from the Eucharist on Good Friday. Rather, it is celebrated in remembrance of the Last Supper on Maundy Thursday and at the Vigil of Easter. One practice among Lutheran churches is to celebrate a tenebrae service on Good Friday, typically conducted in candlelight and consisting of a collection of passion accounts from the four gospels. While being called "Tenebrae" it holds little resemblance to the now-suppressed Catholic monastic rite of the same name.^[44] The Good Friday liturgy appointed in Evangelical Lutheran Worship, the worship book of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, specifies a liturgy similar to the revised Roman Catholic liturgy. A rite for adoration of the crucified Christ includes the optional singing of the Solemn Reproaches in an updated and revised translation which eliminates some of the anti-Jewish overtones in previous versions. Influenced by the ecumenical liturgical renewal movement and in an attempt to recover patterns of worship from the early church, many Lutheran congregations are moving away from long preaching services centered on a dramatic and sentimentalized remembrance of the "Seven Last Words," sayings of Jesus assembled from the four gospels, toward a more devotional practice that places an emphasis on the triumph of the cross, and a singular biblical account of the Passion narrative from the Gospel of John.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Along with observing a general Lenten fast,^[45] many Lutherans emphasize the importance of Good Friday as a day of fasting within the kalendar.^[46]^[47] A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends the Lutheran guideline to "Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat".^[48]

Other mainstream Protestant traditions

Many other mainstream Protestant communities hold special services on this day as well. Moravians hold a Lovefeast on Good Friday as they receive Holy Communion on Maundy Thursday. The Methodist Church commemorates Good Friday with fasting,^[49] as well as a service of worship, often based on the Seven Last Words from the Cross.^[50]^[51] It is not uncommon for some communities to hold interdenominational services on Good Friday.

In the Reformed tradition, Good Friday is one of the evangelical feasts and is thus widely observed with church services, which feature the Solemn Reproaches in the pattern of Psalm 78, towards the end of the liturgy.^[52]

Associated customs

In many countries with a strong Christian tradition such as Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, the countries of the Caribbean, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand,^[53]^[54]^[55] Peru, the Philippines, the Scandinavian countries, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela, the day is observed as a public or federal holiday. In the United States, 12 states observe Good Friday as state holiday: Connecticut, Texas, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Tennessee, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina and North Dakota. One associated custom is strict adherence to the Black Fast to 3pm or 6pm^[56], where only water can be consumed or restricted handout of bread, herbs and salt. St. Ambrose, St. Chrysostom and St. Basil attest to the practice. The processions of the day, hymns “Crux fidelis” by King John of Portugal, and Eberlin’s “Tenebrae factae sunt, followed by “Vexilla Regis” is sung, translated from latin as the standards of the King advance, and then follows a ceremony that is not a real Mass, it is called the “Mass of the Pre-Sanctified.". This custom is respected also by forgoing the Mass, this is to take heed to the solemnity of the Sacrifice of Calvary. This is where the host of the prior day is placed at the alter, incensed, elevated so "that it may be seen by the people" and consumed. Germany and some other countries have laws prohibiting certain acts, such as dancing and horse racing, that are seen as profaning the solemn nature of the day.^[6]^[7]

Australia and New Zealand

Good Friday is a holiday under state and territory laws in all states and territories in Australia.^[57] Generally speaking, shops in all Australian states (but not in the two territories of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory) are required to remain closed for the duration of Good Friday, although there are certain shops which are permitted to open and other shops can apply for exemptions. All schools and universities close on Good Friday in Australia, and Good Friday falls within the school holidays in most years in all states and territories except the Northern Territory, although many states now commence their school holidays in early April regardless of Easter. In 2018, for example, when Good Friday fell on 30 March, only Queensland and Victoria had school holidays which coincided with Good Friday.^[58] The vast majority of businesses are closed on Good Friday, although many recreational businesses, such as the Sydney Royal Easter Show, open on Good Friday as among non-religious families Good Friday is a popular day to indulge in such activities. In New Zealand, Good Friday is a legal holiday^[59] and is a day of mandatory school closure for all New Zealand state and integrated schools.^[60] Good Friday is also a restricted trading day in New Zealand, which means that unexempted shops are not permitted to open on this day.^[61]

Canada

In Canada, Good Friday is a federal statutory holiday. In the province of Quebec "employers can choose to give the day off either on Good Friday or Easter Monday."^[62]

Cuba

In an online article posted on Catholic News Agency by Alejandro Bermúdez on 31 March 2012, Cuban President Raúl Castro, with the Communist Party and his advisers, decreed that Good Friday that year would be a holiday. This was Castro's response to a request made personally to him by Pope Benedict XVI during the latter's Apostolic Visitation to the island and León, Mexico that month. The move followed the pattern of small advances in Cuba's relations with the Vatican, mirroring Pope John Paul II's success in getting Fidel Castro to declare Christmas Day a holiday.^[63] Both Good Friday and Christmas are now annual holidays in Cuba.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, despite the transfer of sovereignty from the UK to China in 1997, Good Friday continues to be a public holiday.^[64] Government offices, banks, post offices and most offices are closed on Good Friday.

Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, Good Friday is not an official public holiday, but most non-retail businesses close for the day. Up until 2018 it was illegal to sell alcoholic beverages on Good Friday, with some exceptions, so pubs and off-licences generally closed.^[65] Critics of the ban included the catering and tourism sector, but surveys showed that the general public were divided on the issue.^[66]^[67] In Northern Ireland, a similar ban operates until 5 pm on Good Friday.^[68]

Malaysia

Although Malaysia is a Muslim majority country, Good Friday is declared as a public holiday in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia as there is a significant Christian indigenous population in both states.^[69]

Malta

The Holy Week commemorations reach their peak on Good Friday as the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the passion of Jesus. Solemn celebrations take place in all churches together with processions in different villages around Malta and Gozo. During the celebration, the narrative of the passion is read in some localities, while the Adoration of the Cross follows. Good Friday processions take place in Birgu, Bormla, Għaxaq, Luqa, Mosta, Naxxar, Paola, Qormi, Rabat, Senglea, Valletta, Żebbuġ (Città Rohan) and Żejtun. Processions in Gozo will be in Nadur, Victoria (St. George and Cathedral), Xagħra and Żebbuġ, Gozo.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Philippines

In the predominantly Roman Catholic Philippines, the day is commemorated with street processions, the Way of the Cross, the chanting of the Pasyón, and performances of the Senákulo or Passion play. Some devotees engage in self-flagellation and even have themselves crucified as expressions of penance despite health risks and strong disapproval from the Church.^[70]

Church bells are not rung and Masses are not celebrated, while television features movies, documentaries and other shows focused on the religious event and other topics related to the Catholic faith, broadcasting mostly religious content. Malls and shops are generally closed, as are restaurants as it is the second of three public holidays within the week.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

After three o'clock in the afternoon (the time at which Jesus is traditionally believed to have died), the faithful venerate the cross in the local church and follow the procession of the Burial of Jesus. The image of the dead Christ is then laid in state to be venerated, and sometimes treated in accordance with local burial customs.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

In Cebu and many parts of the Visayan Islands, people usually eat binignit and biko as a form of fasting.^[71]^[72]

Spain

United Kingdom

In the UK, Good Friday was historically a common law holiday and is recognised as an official public holiday^[74] (also known as a Bank Holiday). All state schools are closed and most businesses treat it as a holiday for staff; however, many retail stores now remain open. Government services in Northern Ireland operate as normal on Good Friday, substituting Easter Tuesday for the holiday.

There has traditionally been no horse racing on Good Friday in the UK. However, in 2008, betting shops and stores opened for the first time on this day^[75] and in 2014 Lingfield Park and Musselburgh staged the UK's first Good Friday race meetings.^[76]^[77] The BBC has for many years introduced its 7 am News broadcast on Radio 4 on Good Friday with a verse from Isaac Watts' hymn "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross".

United States

In the United States, Good Friday is not a government holiday at the federal level; however, individual states, counties and municipalities may observe the holiday. Good Friday is a state holiday in Connecticut,^[78] Delaware,^[79] Florida,^[80] Hawaii,^[81] Indiana,^[82] Kentucky (half day),^[83] Louisiana,^[84] New Jersey,^[85] North Carolina,^[86] North Dakota,^[87] Tennessee^[88] and Texas.^[89]^[90] State and local government offices and courts are closed, as well as some banks and post offices in these states, and in those counties and municipalities where Good Friday is observed as a holiday. Good Friday is also a holiday in the U.S. territories of Guam,^[91] U.S. Virgin Islands^[92] and Puerto Rico.^[93]

The stock markets are closed on Good Friday^[94]^[95] but the foreign exchange and bond trading markets open for a partial business day.^[96]^[97] Most retail stores remain open, while some of them may close early. Public schools and universities are often closed on Good Friday, either as a holiday of its own, or as part of spring break. The postal service operates, and banks regulated by the federal government do not close for Good Friday.^[98]

In some governmental contexts Good Friday has been referred to by a generic name such as "spring holiday".^[99]^[100]^[101] In 1999, in the case of Bridenbaugh v. O'Bannon, an Indiana state employee sued the governor for giving state employees Good Friday as a day off. The US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against the plaintiff, stating that the government could give state employees a paid day off when that day is a religious holiday, including Good Friday, but only so long as the state can provide a valid secular purpose that coincides with the obvious religious purpose of the holiday.^[102]

Calculating the date

Good Friday is the Friday before Easter, which is calculated differently in Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity (see Computus for details). Easter falls on the first Sunday following the Paschal Full Moon, the full moon on or after 21 March, taken to be the date of the vernal equinox. The Western calculation uses the Gregorian calendar, while the Eastern calculation uses the Julian calendar, whose 21 March now corresponds to the Gregorian calendar's 3 April. The calculations for identifying the date of the full moon also differ. See Computus.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

In Eastern Christianity, Easter can fall between 22 March and 25 April on Julian Calendar (thus between 4 April and 8 May in terms of the Gregorian calendar, during the period 1900 and 2099), so Good Friday can fall between 20 March and 23 April, inclusive (or between 2 April and 6 May in terms of the Gregorian calendar).{{cn|date=April 2017}}

Cultural references

Good Friday assumes a particular importance in the plot of Richard Wagner's music drama Parsifal, which contains an orchestral interlude known as the "Good Friday Music".^[103]

Criticism from non-observers

Some Baptist congregations,^[104] the Philadelphia Church of God,^[105] and some non-denominational churches oppose the observance of Good Friday, regarding it as a papist tradition, and instead observe the Crucifixion on Wednesday to coincide with the Jewish sacrifice of the Passover Lamb (which Christians believe is an Old Testament pointer to Jesus Christ). A Wednesday Crucifixion of Jesus allows for him to be in the tomb ("heart of the earth") for three days and three nights as he told the Pharisees he would be (Matthew 12:40), rather than two nights and a day (by inclusive counting, as was the norm at that time) if he had died on a Friday.^[106]^[107] Preparation Day (14 Nisan on the Hebrew calendar) – which is the day before Passover (15 Nisan), instead of the Friday morning as the Synoptic Gospels refer to the sabbath and they believe this refers to a "high sabbath" which occurs on feast days, and not the ordinary weekly sabbath.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA639|accessdate=13 April 2012|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=639}}
2. ^{{cite book|author1=Elizabeth Webber|author2=Mike Feinsilber|title=Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACB81ZeNN5sC&pg=PA67|accessdate=13 April 2012|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-628-2|page=67}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Franklin M. Segler|author2=Randall Bradley|title=Christian Worship: Its Theology And Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSRHbo_RfLoC&pg=PA226|accessdate=13 April 2012|date=1 October 2006|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8054-4067-6|page=226}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Ripley|first1=George|last2=Dana|first2=Charles Anderson|title=The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge|accessdate=12 March 2018|year=1883|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|language=English |page=101|quote=The Protestant Episcopal, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, as well as many Methodists, observe the day by fasting and special services.}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 36, Issue 214|year=1868|publisher=Harper & Brothers|page=521|quote=In England Good-Friday and Christmas are the only close holidays of the year, when the shops are all closed and the churches opened.}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582366/Good-Friday-gambling-angers-churches.html|title=Good Friday gambling angers churches|last=Petre|first=Jonathan|date=21 March 2008|publisher=The Telegraph|quote=Bookmakers estimate that thousands of shops will be operating, even though Good Friday is one of three days in the year when no horse racing takes place.}}
7. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324685104578387084082724670|title=In Germany, Some Want to Boogie Every Day of the Year|last=Stevens|first=Laura|date=29 March 2013|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|quote=Every year on Good Friday, Germany becomes a little like the fictional town in the movie 'Footloose' – dancing is verboten. The decades old 'Tanzverbot,' or dance ban, applies to all clubs, discos and other forms of organized dancing in all German states.}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/good-friday |title=Good Friday – Definition of Good Friday |publisher=Yourdictionary.com |date=4 April 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/79925#eid2855682 |title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oed.com |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
10. ^{{Bibleverse||Matthew|27:45}}; {{Bibleverse||Mark|15:13}}; {{Bibleverse||Luke|23:44}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=A Concise Dictionary of Theology|author=Gerald O'Collins, Edward G. Farrugia|p=108|publisher=Paulist Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-587-68236-0}}
12. ^There is a wide variety of uses regarding the liturgical colors worn during Great Lent and Holy Week in the Rite of Constantinople.
13. ^¹{{Cite book|last = Bulgakov|first = Sergei V.|year = 1900|title = Handbook for Church Servers, 2nd ed.|page = 543|chapter = Great Friday|place = Kharkov|publisher = Tr. Archpriest Eugene D. Tarris|url = http://transfig.orthodoxws.com/files/Bulgakov/0543.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate =6 April 2015|postscript = }}
14. ^{{Cite book|last = Archimandrite Kallistos (Ware) and Mother Mary|first =|year = 2002|title = The Lenten Triodion|chapter = Service of the Twelve Gospels|page = 587|place = South Cannan, Pennsylvania|publisher = St. Tikhon's Seminary Press|url =|accessdate =|postscript = }}
15. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2QNbTDjvJ0 Today He who hung the earth upon the waters ] Chanted by the Byzantine Choir of Athens
16. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|title=Sacrosanctum concilium|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2017}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence.cfm|title=Fast & Abstinence|website=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=en|access-date=14 April 2017}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Penance/Abstinence.pdf|title=Fasting and Abstinence|date=24 January 1985|website=Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales|access-date=14 April 2017}}
19. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 1.
20. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 2.
21. ^Roman Missal, Good Friday, 3.
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/LawText/Index/6/LawIndex/46|title=Removing Holy Water During Lent. Letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship|date= 14 March 2003}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/lent/friday.php|title=Good Friday – Easter/Lent – Catholic Online|date= 12 January 2018}}
24. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 4.
25. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/2/SubIndex/38/ContentIndex/325/Start/319|title= V. Good Friday - The Catholic Liturgical Library |access-date= 28 July 2018}}
26. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 5.
27. ^1962 edition of the Roman Missal.
28. ^¹1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal.
29. ^Caeremoniale Episcoporum, 315.
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3509799/Pope-Francis-lies-prostrate-floor-St-Peter-s-Basilica-Vatican-pray-silently-Good-Friday-service-sharing-picture-kissing-crucifix-Instagram.html|title=Pope Francis slams Europe's attitude to migrants|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2017}}
31. ^Roman Missal, "Good Friday", Celebration of the Lord's Passion, n. 5.
32. ^Circular Letter Concerning the Preparation and Celebration of the Easter Feasts, V. Good Friday, 16 January 1988, Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship.
33. ^Congregation of Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, Paschale Solemnitatis, III, n.66 (cf. n. 33)
34. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 7–13.
35. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 14–21.
36. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 22–31.
37. ^Roman Missal: Good Friday, 32–33.
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12775a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Reparation|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12620a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Raccolta|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2017}}
40. ^Joseph P. Christopher et al., 2003 The Raccolta St Athanasius Press {{ISBN|978-0-9706526-6-9}}.
41. ^Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html |title=Pius XI, Miserentissimus Redemptor (08/05/1928) |work=vatican.va |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812031528/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html |title=Letter of the Holy Father John Paul II to Cardinal Fiorenzo Angelini for the 50th Anniversary of the Benedictine Sisters of Reparation of the Holy Face |website=Vatican archives |date=27 September 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502234831/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html |archivedate=2 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historiclectionary.com/2010/03/a-word-about-tenebrae/ |title=A Word About Tenebrae | |publisher=Historiclectionary.com |date=22 March 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
45. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Gassmann|first1=Günther|last2=Oldenburg|first2=Mark W.|title=Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism|date=10 October 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|language=English|isbn=9780810874824|page=229|quote=In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (with the exception of Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday.}}
46. ^¹{{cite book|last=Pfatteicher|first=Philip H.|title=Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context|year=1990|publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers|language=English |isbn=9780800603922|pages=223–244, 260|quote=The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting.}}
47. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Henry Eyster|last2=Haas|first2=John Augustus William|title=The Lutheran Cyclopedia|accessdate=12 March 2018|year=1899|publisher=Scribner|language=English|page=110|quote=By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica.}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ststephenlutheranchurch.org/pdf/Disciplines%20of%20Lent-%20Handbook.pdf|title=A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent|last=Weitzel|first=Thomas L.|year=1978|publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|language=English|accessdate=17 March 2018}}
49. ^{{cite book|last1=Bays|first1=Daniel H|last2=Wacker|first2=Grant|title=The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History|date=14 March 2010|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=9780817356408|page=277}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reflector.com/local/content/news/stories/2008/03/21/GoodFriday.html |title=Christians mark Good Friday |publisher=The Daily Reflector |accessdate=21 March 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330184414/http://www.reflector.com/local/content/news/stories/2008/03/21/GoodFriday.html |archivedate=30 March 2008 }}
51. ^{{cite web|url = http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=258&GID=179&GMOD=VWD&GCAT=G| title = Good Friday |publisher = United Methodist Church|accessdate =21 March 2007}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rca.org/resources/good-friday|title=Good Friday|publisher=Reformed Church in America|accessdate=8 March 2018}}
53. ^Holidays Act 2003 (New Zealand), Section 17 Days that are public holidays
54. ^Shop Trading Hours Act Repeal Act 1990 (New Zealand), Section 3 Shops to be closed on Anzac Day morning, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, and Christmas Day
55. ^Broadcasting Act 1989 (New Zealand), Section 79A Hours during which election programmes prohibited, Section 81 Advertising hours
56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02590c.htm}}
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62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com|title=Statutory holidays in Canada both national and provincial.|publisher=}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/cuban-authorities-declare-good-friday-2012-a-holiday/ |title=Cuban authorities declare Good Friday 2012 a holiday |publisher=Catholic News Agency |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
64. ^[https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/holiday/]
65. ^{{cite news|title=You can have a pint today – if you know where to look|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/you-can-have-a-pint-today-if-you-know-where-to-look-26646201.html|first=Colin|last=Gleeson|accessdate=3 April 2015|work=Irish Independent|date=2 April 2010}}
66. ^{{cite news|last1=Hade|first1=Emma Jane|title=Good Friday alcohol ban still splits public as only half want it abolished|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/good-friday-alcohol-ban-still-splits-public-as-only-half-want-it-abolished-31112720.html|accessdate=3 April 2015|work=Irish Independent|date=2 April 2015}}
67. ^[https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/times-have-changed-a-lot-one-of-irelands-oldest-barmaids-98-pulls-pints-for-the-first-time-on-good-friday-36759366.html 'Times have changed a lot' – one of Ireland's oldest barmaids (98) pulls pints for the first time on Good Friday] independent.ie, 30 March 2018
68. ^{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Coulter|title=Pub owners frustrated at assembly failure to change Easter opening hours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-35877628|work=BBC News|date=23 March 2016|accessdate=25 March 2016}}
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71. ^Izobelle T. Pulgo, "Binignit: A Good Friday Cebuano soul food", Cebu Daily News, 23 March 2016.
72. ^Deralyn Ramos, "Holy Week in tne Philippines", Tsuneishi Balita, March 2013, p. 4.
73. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8598312.stm|title=How did hot cross buns become two a penny?|first=Finlo|last=Rohrer|work=BBC News magazine|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=6 April 2012}}
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76. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/24458664|title=Lingfield: £1m Good Friday fixture to be held at Surrey racecourse|work=BBC news|date=9 October 2013|accessdate=14 October 2013}}
77. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland/top-stories/musselburgh-to-host-historic-good-friday-racing-1-3136748|work=The Scotsman|title=Musselburgh to host historic Good Friday racing|first=Craig|last=Brown|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=14 October 2013}}
78. ^{{cite web|author=Government of Connecticut|url=https://portal.ct.gov/About/Legal-Holidays-in-the-State/ |title=Legal State Holidays |publisher=CT.gov |date= |accessdate=30 March 2018}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://delawarepersonnel.com/labor/holidays/2012.shtml |title=Delaware – Office of Management and Budget – State of Delaware Holidays |publisher=Delawarepersonnel.com |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://law2.onecle.com/florida/commercial-relations/683.01.html |title=Title XXXIX Commercial Relations Section 683.01 Legal holidays. |work=onecle.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113002/http://law2.onecle.com/florida/commercial-relations/683.01.html |archivedate= 2 February 2014 |df= }}
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82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/sos/2369.htm |title=Secretary of State: 2011 Indiana State Holidays |publisher=In.gov |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=https://personnel.ky.gov/pages/leave.aspx |title=Holidays |publisher=Personnel.ky.gov |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
84. ^{{cite web |author=Sandra G. Gillen, CPPB |url=http://doa.louisiana.gov/osp/aboutus/holidays.htm |title=2014 State Holidays Calendar Observed by OSP |publisher=Doa.louisiana.gov |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220849/http://doa.louisiana.gov/osp/aboutus/holidays.htm |archivedate=1 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
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86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ic.nc.gov/ncic/pages/holiday.htm |title=N.C. State Government Holiday Schedule for 2013 and 2014 |publisher=Ic.nc.gov |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theholidayschedule.com/north-dakota-state-holidays.html |title=North Dakota State Holidays 2014 |publisher=The Holiday Schedule |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
88. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov/state-holidays.html |title=Official State Holidays |publisher=TN.gov |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529191633/http://www.tn.gov/state-holidays.html |archivedate=29 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
89. ^In addition to holidays where offices are closed, Texas also has "partial staffing holidays" (where offices are required to be open for public business, but where employees may take it off as a holiday) and "optional holidays" (where an employee may take off in lieu of taking off on a partial staffing holiday; Good Friday is an optional holiday).
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92. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2012/virgin_islands__u_s_.htm |title=US Virgin Islands Public Holidays 2012 (Americas/Caribbean) |publisher=Qppstudio.net |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083622/http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2012/virgin_islands__u_s_.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/reference/holi.shtml |title=Puerto Rican Holidays |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nyse.com/markets/hours-calendars#holidays|title=NYSE: Holidays and Trading Hours|work=nyse.com}}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.money-zine.com/Investing/Stocks/Stock-Market-Holidays/ |title=Stock Market Holidays |publisher=Money-zine.com |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cmegroup.com/tools-information/holiday-calendar/files/2015-chicago-trading-floor-holiday-schedule.pdf |title=CME Group Chicago Trading Floor Holiday Schedule for 2015|work=CME Group }}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sifma.org/services/holiday-schedule/#us2015|title=Holiday Schedule|work=sifma.org}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opm.gov/operating_status_schedules/fedhol/2012.asp |title=Federal Holidays |publisher=Opm.gov |date= |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
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100. ^{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/iowa-town-renames-good-friday/story?id=10233061 |title=Iowa Town Renames Good Friday to 'Spring Holiday'|work=ABC News |first=Russell|last=Goldman|date=29 March 2010|accessdate=23 April 2014}}
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102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/good-friday|title=Good Friday in the United States|publisher=}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/good-friday-music|title=Good Friday Music – Dictionary definition of Good Friday Music – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2017}}
104. ^{{cite web|first=L. K.|last=Landis |url=http://www.kjbbc.com/wednesdaycrucifix.html |title=Proof for a Wednesday Crucifixion |publisher=King James Bible Baptist Church, Ladson, South Carolina |date=8 June 1998 |accessdate=23 April 2014}}
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