| 词条 | Gorgan | ||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Gorgan |native_name = {{lang|fa|گرگان}} |settlement_type = City |motto = |image_skyline = Gorgan in one.png |imagesize = 200px |image_caption = Gorgān Tower |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Iran |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Golestan |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Gorgan |subdivision_type3 = Bakhsh |subdivision_name3 = Central |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 1700 |area_total_sq_mi = 656 |area_footnotes = {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2016 Census |population_note = |population_est = |population_est_as_of = |population_metro = |population_urban = 350,676 [1] |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = auto |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Abdolreza Dadboud[2] |leader_title1 = City Council Chairman |leader_name1 = Faezeh Abdollahi |timezone = IRST |utc_offset = +03:30 |timezone_DST = IDST |utc_offset_DST = +04:30 |coordinates = {{coord|36|50|19|N|54|26|05|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 1350 |elevation_ft = |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = Csa |footnotes = {{GEOnet2|32FA880A453D3774E0440003BA962ED3}} }}Gorgan ({{pronunciation|Gorgan.ogg}}) ({{lang-fa|گرگان}};[3] formerly Astrabad or Astarabad ({{lang|fa|استرآباد}})[4][5]) is the capital city of Golestan Province, Iran. It lies approximately {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the north east of Tehran, some {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the Caspian Sea. In the 2006 census; its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.[6] History{{Main|Hyrcania}}There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including Tureng Tepe and Shah Tepe, in which there are remains dating from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are Yarim Tepe, Iran, and Sange Chaxmaq. Also, the nearby Shahroud Plain has many such sites. The number of confirmed Neolithic sites on the Gorgan Plain now totals more than fifty.[7] According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace".[8] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[9] Hyrcania became part of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), its founder, or his successor Cambyses (530-522 BC). The Great Wall of Gorgan, the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in the Parthian and Sassanian periods. At the time of the Sassanids, "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.[10] Gorgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by the invading Arab Muslims in 8th century. In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army of Kingdom of Georgia under command of the brothers Mkhargrdzeli.[11][12] "Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan". Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered as part of the Parthia (the Greater Khorasan) or the Tabaristan regions. Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar dynasty. Geography and climateThe wide Dasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) are located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about {{convert|170|km2|sqmi|}}. Some {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park, home to a large portion of the fauna of Iran. Gorgan has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate." The effective factors behind such a climate are: Alborz mountain range, direction of the mountains, height of the area, neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is {{convert|17.7|°C|°F}} and the annual rainfall is {{convert|601|mm}}. {{Weather box|location = Gorgan |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 29 |Feb record high C = 32.4 |Mar record high C = 35 |Apr record high C = 39 |May record high C = 43 |Jun record high C = 45 |Jul record high C = 44 |Aug record high C = 44 |Sep record high C = 41.6 |Oct record high C = 39 |Nov record high C = 36 |Dec record high C = 29.2 |Jan high C = 12.4 |Feb high C = 13.1 |Mar high C = 15.3 |Apr high C = 21.2 |May high C = 26.9 |Jun high C = 30.9 |Jul high C = 32.6 |Aug high C = 32.7 |Sep high C = 29.9 |Oct high C = 24.8 |Nov high C = 18.8 |Dec high C = 14.3 |Jan mean C = 7.9 |Feb mean C = 8.5 |Mar mean C = 10.7 |Apr mean C = 16.0 |May mean C = 21.2 |Jun mean C = 25.4 |Jul mean C = 27.7 |Aug mean C = 27.8 |Sep mean C = 24.8 |Oct mean C = 19.4 |Nov mean C = 13.9 |Dec mean C = 9.8 |Jan low C = 3.4 |Feb low C = 3.8 |Mar low C = 6.1 |Apr low C = 10.7 |May low C = 15.5 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 22.8 |Aug low C = 22.9 |Sep low C = 19.6 |Oct low C = 13.9 |Nov low C = 8.9 |Dec low C = 5.2 |Jan record low C = −10 |Feb record low C = −6 |Mar record low C = −3.2 |Apr record low C = 0 |May record low C = 2.8 |Jun record low C = 10 |Jul record low C = 15 |Aug record low C = 13 |Sep record low C = 9 |Oct record low C = 3 |Nov record low C = −2 |Dec record low C = −7 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 55.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 55.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 79.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 52.8 |May precipitation mm = 44.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 33.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 22.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 27.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 38.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 66.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 68.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 57.5 |Jan precipitation days = 7.4 |Feb precipitation days = 8.0 |Mar precipitation days = 10.5 |Apr precipitation days = 8.0 |May precipitation days = 6.1 |Jun precipitation days = 4.2 |Jul precipitation days = 3.7 |Aug precipitation days = 4.2 |Sep precipitation days = 5.2 |Oct precipitation days = 5.7 |Nov precipitation days = 6.7 |Dec precipitation days = 6.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan humidity = 73 |Feb humidity = 73 |Mar humidity = 74 |Apr humidity = 72 |May humidity = 67 |Jun humidity = 64 |Jul humidity = 65 |Aug humidity = 68 |Sep humidity = 69 |Oct humidity = 70 |Nov humidity = 73 |Dec humidity = 74 |Jan sun = 135.3 |Feb sun = 128.1 |Mar sun = 132.3 |Apr sun = 164.6 |May sun = 207.6 |Jun sun = 220.4 |Jul sun = 221.9 |Aug sun = 220.5 |Sep sun = 196.3 |Oct sun = 196.4 |Nov sun = 151.1 |Dec sun = 132.8 |source 1 = Synoptic Stations Statistics |date=November 2011 }} Notable people{{See also|List of people from Gorgan}}Historical figures
Contemporary figures
Culture and artGorgan (as well as the whole Golestan province) has a world-famous carpet and rug industry, the Turkmen rug, made by Turkmen people. The patterns of these carpets are derived from the ancient Persian city of Bukhara, which is now in modern-day Uzbekistan. Education
TransportThere is an international airport near the city. SportsThe main sport in Gorgan is basketball. Shahrdari Gorgan competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League. Currently the main football team of Gorgan is Etka Gorgan F.C., which competes in the Azadegan League. Sister cities
See also
References1. ^https://www.amar.org.ir/english 2. ^https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/11/04/1637345 3. ^Also Romanized as Gorgān, Gurgān, and Gurgan. {{IPA-fa|goɾˈgɒn}} 4. ^Also Romanized as Astarābād, Asterabad, and Esterabad. {{IPA-fa|ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd}} 5. ^{{GEOnet3|-3064853}} 6. ^{{IranCensus2006|27}} 7. ^Kourosh Roustaei (2017), [https://www.academia.edu/34167920 Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain, south-east of the Caspian Sea.] academia.edu 8. ^{{cite book |last=Arrian |first= |date=1884 |title=The Anabasis of Alexander |location=London |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |chapter=Chapter XXV: March to Bactra.—Bessus Aided by Satibaezanes.|page=191–193|volume=3 |others=Translated by E.J. Chinnock}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-v|title=GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=|last=electricpulp.com|publisher=}} 10. ^Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan" Encyclopædia Iranica online 11. ^{{cite book |last=Yar-Shater |first=Ehsan |date=2010 |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kQOAQAAMAAJ |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |page=892 |isbn=}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Brosset |first=Marie-Felicite |date=1858 |title=Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle |url= |location=France |publisher=imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des sciences |pages=468–472 |isbn=}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goums.ac.ir/ |title=Golestan University of Medical Sciences- دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان - Golestan University of Medical Sciences - دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان |publisher=GOUMS |date= |accessdate=2013-01-26}} 14. ^KZ-Today {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604011841/http://www.kz-today.kz/index.php?lang=rus |date=2008-06-04 }} September 11, 2006 External links{{Commons category}}{{Golestan Province}}{{Gorgan County}}{{Provincial capitals of Iran}} 3 : Cities in Golestan Province|Hyrcania|Iranian provincial capitals |
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