| 词条 | Great Mosque of Samarra | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Great Mosque of Samarra | native_name = {{lang-ar|جامع سامراء الكبير}} or {{lang|ar|المسجد الجامع في سامراء}} or {{lang|ar|مسجد سامراء الكبير}} | native_name_lang = ara | image = Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg | image_upright = 1.4 | alt = | caption = Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra | map_type = Iraq | map_size = 240 | map_alt = | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = Location in Iraq | coordinates = {{coords|34|12|21|N|43|52|47|E|region:IQ_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | religious_affiliation = Islam | locale = | location = Samarra, Iraq | deity = | rite = | sect = | tradition = | festival = | cercle = | sector = | municipality = | district = | territory = | prefecture = | state = | province = | region = | country = | administration = | consecration_year = | organisational_status = Mosque and shrine | functional_status = Active | heritage_designation = | ownership = | governing_body = | leadership = | bhattaraka = | patron = | website = | architect = | architecture_type = | architecture_style = | founded_by = Al-Mutawakkil | creator = | funded_by = | general_contractor = | established = 848 CE | groundbreaking = | year_completed = 851 CE | construction_cost = | date_destroyed = 1278 CE | facade_direction = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | interior_area = | height_max = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = 1 | minaret_height = {{convert|52|m}} | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | site_area = | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | shrine_quantity = | inscriptions = | materials = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | nrhp = | designated = | added = | refnum = | footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |Official_name = {{nowrap|Samarra Archaeological City}} |ID = 276 |Year = 2007 |Danger = 2007- |Area = {{convert|15058|ha}} |Buffer_zone = {{convert|31414|ha}} |Criteria = Cultural: ii, iii, iv }} The Great Mosque of Samarra ({{lang-ar|جامع سامراء الكبير}} or {{lang|ar|المسجد الجامع في سامراء}} or {{lang|ar|مسجد سامراء الكبير}}) is a ninth-century mosque located in Samarra, Iraq. The mosque was commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil who reigned (in Samarra) from 847 until 861. The mosque is located within the {{convert|15058|ha|adj=on}} Samarra Archaeological City UNESCO World Heritage Site, listed in 2007.[1] HistoryThe Great Mosque of Samarra was, for a time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret, the Malwiya Tower, is a spiralling cone {{convert|52|m}} high and {{convert|33|m}} wide with a spiral ramp.[2] The reign of al-Mutawakkil had a great effect on the appearance of the city, for he seems to have been a lover of architecture, and the one responsible for building the great Mosque of Samarra.[3] In a list of his building projects which appears in several different versions, the new Congregational Mosque and up to twenty palaces are mentioned, totalling between 258 and 294 million dirhams. The new Congregational Mosque, with its spiral minaret, built between 849 (235 AH) and 851 (235 AH), formed part of an extension of the city to the east, extending into the old hunting park.[4] The mosque itself was destroyed in 1278 (656 AH) after Hulagu Khan's invasion of Iraq. Only the outer wall and its minaret remain.[5] Former mosqueThe mosque had 17 aisles, and its walls were paneled with mosaics of dark blue glass. It was part of an extension of Samarra eastwards. The art and architecture of the mosque were influential; stucco carvings within the mosque in floral and geometric designs represent early Islamic decoration. Additionally, the mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt was based on the Samarra mosque in many regards.[6] MalwiyaThe Malwiya Minaret ({{lang-ar|ملوية}} malwiyah) is part of the Great Mosque of Samarra. The minaret was originally connected to the mosque by a bridge. The minaret or tower was constructed in 848–852 of sandstone, and is unique among other minarets because of its ascending spiral conical design. {{convert|52|m}} high and {{convert|33|m}} wide at the base, the spiral contains stairs reaching to the top.[7] The word "malwiya" translates as "twisted" or "snail shell."[8][9] The Malwiya was used for the "call to prayer"; its height made it practical for such use. It is visible from a considerable distance in the area around Samarra and therefore may have been designed as a strong visual statement of the presence of Islam in the Tigris Valley.[7] The minaret's unique spiral design is said by some to be derived from the architecture of the Mesopotamian ziggurats.[10] Some consider the influence of the Pillar of Gor, built in Sassanian period, more prominent.[11] The minaret's spiral shape inspired Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Philip Johnson's design for the 1976 Chapel of Thanksgiving at Thanks-Giving Square in Dallas, Texas.[12][13][14] In 2005 the top of the Malwiya minaret was damaged by a bomb. Iraqi police said insurgents blew up the top section of the {{convert|52|m|adj=on}} tower, which had previously been used by US soldiers as a lookout position, although US troops had pulled out of the site a month before.[15][16] GallerySee also{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Iraq}}}}
References1. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6248244.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Unesco names World Heritage sites | date=2007-06-28 | accessdate=2010-05-23}} 2. ^See Historic Mosques site {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20060710152230/http://koran.topcities.com/Mosques/Mosques.htm |date=2006-07-10 }}. 3. ^{{cite book|last=Dennis|first=Sharp|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture.|year=1991|publisher=Whitney Library of Design|location=New York|page=204}} 4. ^{{Cite book|last=D. Hoag.|first=John|title=Islamic Architecture|publisher=Electra/Rizzoli}} 5. ^"مسجد سامرا ؛ برخوردار از مناره ای 53 متری و حلزونی شکل" (in Persian). Mehr News Agency. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 6. ^Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. "Islamic architecture in Cairo: an introduction." American University in Cairo Press: 2005. 51-57 7. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Kleiner, Fred S. |author2=Christin J. Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages |edition=12th |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |publication-date=2005 |isbn= }} 8. ^{{cite book|last1 = Kuban|first1 = Doğan|year = 1974|chapter = The Development of Early Mosque Architecture|title = The Mosque and Its Early Development|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-TKu6nsFvaYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=malwiya+twisted&source=bl&ots=yBmXqm6vxd&sig=qvU-C-760CcUS8087K_g9na-TCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjntPvMqszJAhWDPT4KHfmOCgcQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=malwiya%20twisted|location = Leiden, Netherlands|publisher = Brill Publishers|page = 16}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1 = Kleiner|first1 = Fred|year = 2011|chapter = The Islamic World|title = Gardner’s Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Book 3|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pcoJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=malwiya+translation&source=bl&ots=M76pNU9Ofg&sig=2JCI3r-fzTAzdGxofLeHe8VtifE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixnJOWqszJAhWCyT4KHQ7YCfUQ6AEINDAG#v=onepage&q=malwiya%20translation|location = Boston|publisher = Cengage Learning|page = 289}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Henri|first=Stierlin|author-link=Henri Stierlin | title=Comprendre l'Architecture Universelle 2|date=1977|publisher=Office du Livre|location=Fribourg, Switzerland|page=347|quote=Great mosque, Samarra, was built during the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil. It is the largest mosque in the world. Built entirely of brick within a wall flanked with towers, it has a 55 m high minaret with a spiral ramp that recalls the ziggurats of Mesopotamia}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://rch.ac.ir/article/Details?id=10224|title=The city of Samarra was built during the Mu'tokul Abbasid period|website=Rch.ac.ir|accessdate=10 February 2019}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thanksgiving.org/thanks-giving-square/visit/tour/|title=Self-Guided Tour|website=Thanksgiving.org}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wrmea.org/010-november/travel-tips-thanks-giving-chapel-s-islamic-design-a-visual-spiritual-gem-in-downtown-dallas.html|title=Travel Tips: Thanks-Giving Chapel's Islamic Design a Visual, Spiritual Gem in Downtown Dallas|website=WRMEA|accessdate=10 February 2019}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAe2qWReLhAC&pg=PA334&lpg=PA334|title=Philip Johnson: Life and Work|first=Franz|last=Schulze|date=15 June 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|accessdate=10 February 2019|via=Google Books}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4401577.stm |title=Middle East | Ancient minaret damaged in Iraq |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-04-01 |accessdate=2015-09-03}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/images/iraq08-02-sniper2.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image|website=Cemml.colostate.edu|accessdate=10 February 2019}} External links{{commonscat}}
5 : 9th-century mosques|Mosques in Iraq|Abbasid architecture|Buildings and structures in Samarra|World Heritage Sites in Iraq |
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