| 词条 | Grindstone |
| 释义 |
A grindstone is a round sharpening stone used for grinding or sharpening ferrous tools. Grindstones are usually made from sandstone.[2][3] Grindstone machines usually have pedals for speeding up and slowing down the stone to control the sharpening process. The earliest known representation of a rotary grindstone,[4] operated by a crank handle, is found in the Carolingian manuscript Utrecht Psalter. This pen drawing from about 830 goes back to a late antique original.[5] The Luttrell Psalter, dating to around 1340, describes a grindstone rotated by two cranks, one at each end of its axle.[6] Around 1480, the early medieval rotary grindstone was improved with a treadle and crank mechanism.[7] See also
References1. ^ 2. ^{{Citation|title=Grindstones |url=http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/grindstone.html |accessdate=2010-02-10 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nRSwhf4Y?url=http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/grindstone.html |archivedate=2010-02-10 |postscript=. |deadurl=yes |df= }} 3. ^{{Citation | last = Knight | first = Edward Henry | title = Knight's American mechanical dictionary | pages = 1022–1023 | publisher = Houghton, Mifflin | year = 1876 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7jZVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1022 | postscript =.}} 4. ^{{harvnb|White, Jr.|1962|p=110}} 5. ^{{harvnb|Hägermann|Schneider|1997|pp=425f.}} 6. ^{{harvnb|White, Jr.|1962|p=111}} 7. ^{{harvnb|White, Jr.|1962|p=167}} Sources
| last = Hägermann | first = Dieter | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Helmuth | title = Propyläen Technikgeschichte. Landbau und Handwerk, 750 v. Chr. bis 1000 n. Chr. | place = Berlin | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | isbn = 3-549-05632-X }}
| last = White, Jr. | first = Lynn | author-link = Lynn Townsend White, Jr. | title = Medieval Technology and Social Change | place = Oxford | year = 1962 | publisher = At the Clarendon Press }}{{Commons category|Grinding stones}}{{Woodworking}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Grindstone (Tool)}}{{tool-stub}}{{metalworking-stub}} 3 : Woodworking|Grinding and lapping|Knives |
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