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词条 Gross national income
释义

  1. Comparison of GNI and GDP

  2. GNI (Atlas method) nominal

  3. GNI (Atlas method) PPP

  4. Gross national product

     Use of GNP 

  5. See also

  6. References

{{distinguish|Gross domestic product}}{{distinguish|Modified gross national income|GNI*}}

The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents (Todaro & Smith, 2011: 44).[1] Comparing GNI to GDP shows the degree to which a nation's GDP represents domestic or international activity. GNI has gradually replaced GNP in international statistics.[2][3] While being conceptually identical, it is calculated differently.[4] GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the budget of the European Union.[5] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI*. In 2017, Irish GDP was 162% of Irish Modified GNI*.[6]

Comparison of GNI and GDP

Comparison of GNI (Atlas method), GNI and GDP
2016 World Bank (millions of current US$)
No.CountryGNI (Atlas method)[7]GNI[8]GDP[9]
value (a) a - GDP value (b) b - GDP
1 {{flag|United States}} 18,357,322 -267,153 18,968,714 344,239 18,624,475
2 {{flag|China}} 11,374,227 175,082 11,154,194 -44,951 11,199,145
3 {{flag|Japan}} 4,816,892 -123,267 5,096,371 156,212 4,940,159
4 {{flag|Germany}} 3,624,638 146,841 3,536,579 58,783 3,477,796
5 {{flag|United Kingdom}} 2,778,488 130,590 2,587,657 -60,242 2,647,899
6 {{flag|France}} 2,590,030 124,576 2,504,684 39,230 2,465,454
7 {{flag|India}} 2,212,306 -51,486 2,235,524 -28,268 2,263,792
8 {{flag|Italy}} 1,923,095 64,182 1,863,085 4,172 1,858,913
9 {{flag|Brazil}} 1,835,993 39,806 1,758,527 -37,660 1,796,187
10 {{flag|Canada}} 1,584,177 54,417 1,508,495 -21,265 1,529,760

GNI (Atlas method) nominal

Nominal, Atlas method – millions of current US$ (top 15)[2]

Rank201420132012201120102009200820072006
1{{USA }}{{formatnum:17611491}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:17001290}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:16501016}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:15727291}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:15143137}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14740580}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:15002428}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14651211}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14345565}}
2{{CHN }}{{formatnum:10096966}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:9110333}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:7934721}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:6726270}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:5752320}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:4856999}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4835553}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4812119}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4931413}}
3{{JPN }}{{formatnum:5339076}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:5899905}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:6101579}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:5775633}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:5376601}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4797984}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:4070860}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3348291}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3160529}}
4{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3853623}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3809927}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3754154}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3801607}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3662524}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3588452}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3601765}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:3283519}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:2685206}}
5{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2844284}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2869883}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2824713}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2889304}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2847703}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2831553}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2904224}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2835805}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2645489}}
6{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2801499}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2695974}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2612525}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2542593}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2540957}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2666939}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2800864}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2576642}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2414820}}
7{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2429720}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2486874}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2432061}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2237958}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2234508}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2227358}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2222143}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2093640}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:1989288}}
8{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2147247}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2130760}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2143583}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2207921}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:1916260}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:1572431}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1490975}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1356017}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1241641}}
9{{IND }}{{formatnum:2027964}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1981791}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1892548}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1755712}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1555615}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1519339}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1484345}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1353031}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1224994}}
10{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1930634}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1952847}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1823299}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1617083}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1511465}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1447937}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:1427429}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:1152772}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:966585}}
11{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1785099}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1848274}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1773264}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1547010}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1496363}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1392779}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1368593}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1117463}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:941326}}
12{{AUS }}{{formatnum:1444201}}{{AUS }}{{formatnum:1514269}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1396221}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1455758}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1425123}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1318495}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:1229139}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1091726}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:921879}}
13{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1366027}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1376929}}{{AUS }}{{formatnum:1359417}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1125787}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1053302}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1037381}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1118647}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:1079991}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:898063}}
14{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1365797}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1298958}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1232164}}{{AUS }}{{formatnum:1119902}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1026316}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:988663}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1074555}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1000700}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:830146}}
15{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1237533}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1202800}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1167292}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1068140}}{{AUS }}{{formatnum:1025186}}{{AUS }}{{formatnum:954754}}{{AUS }}{{formatnum:900062}}{{NLD }}{{formatnum:809106}}{{NLD }}{{formatnum:753205}}

GNI (Atlas method) PPP

PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)[3]
Rank2016201420132012201120102009200820072006
1{{CHN }}{{formatnum:21366057}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:17966893}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:17091162}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:16596084}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:15802898}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:15121133}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14494460}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14791194}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14585723}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:14140770}}
2{{USA }}{{formatnum:18749688}}{{USA }}{{formatnum:17823200}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:16418959}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:15112256}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:13680536}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:12305378}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:11017654}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:10090052}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:8991462}}{{CHN }}{{formatnum:7637790}}
3{{IND }}{{formatnum:8594226}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:7292778}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:6699996}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:6179567}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:5794517}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:5314158}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:4783856}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4433212}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4408333}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4180595}}
4{{JPN }}{{formatnum:5443842}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4846688}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4844841}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4700740}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4522723}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4437371}}{{JPN }}{{formatnum:4192471}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:4376743}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:4138987}}{{IND }}{{formatnum:3658435}}
5{{DEU }}{{formatnum:4094786}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3843163}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3707775}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3590009}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3534151}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3305460}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3107922}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3186644}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:3070077}}{{DEU }}{{formatnum:2906891}}
6{{RUS }}{{formatnum:3305725}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:3237388}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:3108506}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:3254184}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:3124400}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:2837672}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:2678150}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:2797648}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2325258}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2270766}}
7{{BRA }}{{formatnum:3075469}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:3209390}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:3081266}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2984015}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2923559}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2757522}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2453733}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2436486}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:2324769}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2103694}}
8{{IDN }}{{formatnum:2929424}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2655517}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2625346}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2494655}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2495100}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2381563}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2291855}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2343012}}{{BRA }}{{formatnum:2288657}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2094160}}
9{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2835242}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:2592315}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2483802}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2394758}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2343934}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2281280}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2272667}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2310555}}{{FRA }}{{formatnum:2224097}}{{RUS }}{{formatnum:2071669}}
10{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2763382}}{{GBR }}{{formatnum:2550078}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:2436810}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:2275802}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2124755}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2054019}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2016501}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2050607}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:1971909}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:1865144}}
11{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2316529}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2155153}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2148502}}{{ITA }}{{formatnum:2134839}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:2106961}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:1949021}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:1798541}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:1705066}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:1568263}}{{IDN }}{{formatnum:1434248}}
12{{MEX }}{{formatnum:2262919}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:2111206}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1939753}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1941682}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1859264}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1710132}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1597656}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1611372}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1516236}}{{MEX }}{{formatnum:1432295}}
13{{TUR }}{{formatnum:1907486}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1696955}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1652081}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1627812}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1568631}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1506812}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1492658}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1508412}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1447718}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1346277}}
14{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1833914}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1576495}}{{SAU }}{{formatnum:1549822}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1497167}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1494181}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1486687}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1393108}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1405612}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1350407}}{{KOR }}{{formatnum:1246382}}
15{{SAU }}{{formatnum:1799740}}{{ESP }}{{formatnum:1556600}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1535440}}{{SAU }}{{formatnum:1488100}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1401447}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1336646}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1279702}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1313134}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1271027}}{{CAN }}{{formatnum:1212200}}

Gross national product

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[10]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[11]

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.[12][13] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.[14]

Use of GNP

The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.[15] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".[16] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.[17]

See also

  • Net national income
  • Measures of national income and output
  • Gross national income in the European Union
  • Lists of countries by GNI per capita
  • National average salary
  • Gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Gross national product (GNP)
  • Irish modified GNI (or GNI)

References

{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|others=no|about=yes|label=Gross national income}}
1. ^Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2011). Economic Development 11. Addison-Wesley, Pearson, ISBN, 10, 0-13.
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.ATLS.CD|author=World Bank|title=GNI, Atlas method|website=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD/countries|author=World Bank|title=GNI, PPP (international $)|website=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Gross_national_income_%28GNI%29|title=Glossary:Gross national income (GNI) |work=Eurostat statistic explained|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Monitoring_GNI_for_own_resource_purposes|title=Monitoring GNI for own resource purposes|work=Eurostat statistic explained|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/p_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf|title=CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland|author=Heike Joebges|date=January 2017|publisher=IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=GNI, Atlas method (current US$) |publisher=World Bank |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.ATLS.CD}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=GNI (current US$) |publisher=World Bank |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=GDP (current US$) |publisher=World Bank |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD}}
10. ^Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/Releases/Z1/Current/annuals/a2005-2009.pdf |title=Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States |date=17 September 2010 |publisher=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |page=9 |format=PDF}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.ATLS.CD|author=World Bank|title=GNI, Atlas method|website=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD/countries|author=World Bank|title=GNI, PPP (international $)|website=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Gross_national_income_%28GNI%29|title=Glossary:Gross national income (GNI) |work=Eurostat statistic explained|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2016-06-23}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm?key_word=GNP&letter=G#GNP |title=BEA: Glossary "G" |date=5 September 2007 |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/NATIONAL/NIPA/1991/0891od.pdf |title=Gross Domestic Product as a Measure of U.S. Production |date=August 1991 |format=PDF}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/feastandfamine/2013/04/social-progress|title=Beyond GDP|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2016-07-27}}
{{GDP country lists}}

1 : Gross domestic product
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