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词条 Airbus A350 XWB
释义

  1. Development

     Early designs  Redesign and launch  Design phase  Production  Testing and certification  Introduction and early operations 

  2. Design

     Overview  Materials  Fuselage  Undercarriage  Wing  Cockpit and avionics  Propulsion  Systems 

  3. Variants

     A350-900  A350-900ULR  ACJ350  A350 Regional  A350-1000  Further stretch  Undeveloped A350-800  New Engine Option 

  4. Orders and deliveries

  5. Operators

  6. Specifications

      Aircraft model designations   ICAO aircraft type designators 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. External links

{{short description|Family of long-range, wide-body jet airliners made primarily of composite materials}}{{Redirect|A350}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
name = A350 XWB image = File:A7-ALA (19397355348).jpg caption = An A350-900 of launch customer Qatar Airways

}}{{Infobox aircraft type

 type = Wide-body jet airliner national origin = Multi-national[1] manufacturer = Airbus first flight = 14 June 2013[2] introduced = 15 January 2015 with Qatar Airways[3] status = In production, in service primary user = Qatar Airways more users = Cathay Pacific
Singapore Airlines
China Airlines		 produced = 2010–present[3] number built = 249 as of 28 February 2019 unit cost = A350-900: US$317.4 million (2018)[4]
A350-1000: US$366.5 million (2018)[4]		 program cost = €11 billion[8]
}}

The Airbus A350 XWB is a family of long-range, twin-engine wide-body jet airliners developed by European aerospace manufacturer Airbus. The A350 is the first Airbus aircraft with both fuselage and wing structures made primarily of carbon fibre reinforced polymer.[5] Its variants seat 280 to 366 passengers in typical three-class seating layouts.[6] The A350 is positioned to succeed the A340 and to compete with the Boeing 787 and 777.

The A350 was originally conceived in 2004 as a pairing of the A330's fuselage with new aerodynamics features and engines. In 2006, Airbus redesigned the aircraft in response to negative feedback from several major prospective customers, producing the "A350 XWB" (eXtra Wide Body). Development costs are estimated at €11 billion (US$15 billion or £9.5 billion). As of February 2019, Airbus had received 852 orders for A350s from 47 customers worldwide. The prototype A350 first flew on 14 June 2013 from Toulouse, France. Type certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency was received in September 2014 and certification from the Federal Aviation Administration two months later. On 15 January 2015, the A350-900 entered service with its launch operator Qatar Airways, and the A350-1000 on 24 February 2018 with the same airline.

Development

Early designs

Airbus initially rejected Boeing's claim that the Boeing 787 Dreamliner would be a serious threat to the Airbus A330, stating that the 787 was just a reaction to the A330 and that no response was needed. When airlines urged Airbus to provide a competitor, Airbus initially proposed the "A330-200Lite", a derivative of the A330 featuring improved aerodynamics and engines similar to those on the 787.[12] The company planned to announce this version at the 2004 Farnborough Airshow, but did not proceed.[12]

On 16 September 2004, Airbus president and chief executive officer Noël Forgeard confirmed the consideration of a new project during a private meeting with prospective customers.[12] Forgeard did not give a project name, and he did not state whether it would be an entirely new design or a modification of an existing product. Airline dissatisfaction with this proposal motivated Airbus to commit €4 billion to a new airliner design.[12]

The original version of the A350 superficially resembled the A330 due to its common fuselage cross-section and assembly. A new wing, engines, and a horizontal stabiliser–to be coupled with new composite materials and production methods applied to the fuselage–would make the A350 an almost all-new aircraft.[7] On 10 December 2004, the boards of EADS and BAE Systems, then the shareholders of Airbus, gave Airbus an "authorisation to offer" (ATO) and formally named it the A350.[7][8][9]

On 13 June 2005 at the Paris Air Show, Middle Eastern carrier Qatar Airways announced that they had placed an order for 60 A350s. In September 2006 the airline signed a memorandum of understanding with General Electric to launch the GEnx-1A-72 engine for the aircraft.[10][11][12] Emirates sought a more improved design and decided against ordering the initial version of the A350.[13][14]

On 6 October 2005, the programme's industrial launch was announced with an estimated development cost of around €3.5 billion.[7] The A350 was initially planned to be a 250- to 300-seat twin-engine wide-body aircraft derived from the existing A330's design. Under this plan, the A350 would have modified wings and new engines while sharing the A330's fuselage cross-section. As a result of a controversial design, the fuselage was to consist primarily of aluminium-lithium rather than the carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) fuselage on the Boeing 787. The A350 would see entry in two versions: the A350-800 with a {{cvt|8800|nmi|km}} range with a typical passenger capacity of 253 in a three-class configuration, and the A350-900 with {{cvt|7500|nmi|km}} range and a 300-seat 3-class configuration. The A350 was designed to be a direct competitor to the Boeing 787-9 and 777-200ER.[7]

The A350 was publicly criticised by two of Airbus's largest customers, International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC) and GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS). On 28 March 2006, ILFC President Steven F. Udvar-Házy urged Airbus to pursue a clean-sheet design or risk losing market share to Boeing and branded Airbus's strategy as "a Band-aid reaction to the 787", a sentiment echoed by GECAS president Henry Hubschman.[15][16] In April 2006, while reviewing bids for the Boeing 787 and A350, CEO of Singapore Airlines (SIA) Chew Choon Seng, commented that "having gone through the trouble of designing a new wing, tail, cockpit... [Airbus] should have gone the whole hog and designed a new fuselage."[17]

Airbus responded that they were considering A350 improvements to satisfy customer demands. Airbus's then-CEO Gustav Humbert stated, "Our strategy isn't driven by the needs of the next one or two campaigns, but rather by a long-term view of the market and our ability to deliver on our promises."[18][19] As major airlines such as Qantas and Singapore Airlines selected the 787 over the A350, Humbert tasked an engineering team to produce new alternative designs.[20][21] One such proposal, known internally as "1d", formed the basis of the A350 redesign.[21]

Redesign and launch

On 14 July 2006, during the Farnborough Airshow, the redesigned aircraft was designated "A350 XWB" (Xtra-Wide-Body).[22] Within four days, Singapore Airlines agreed to order 20 A350XWBs with options for another 20 A350XWBs.[23]

The proposed A350 was a new design, including a wider fuselage cross-section, allowing seating arrangements ranging from an eight-abreast low-density premium economy layout to a ten-abreast high-density seating configuration for a maximum seating capacity of 440–475 depending on variant.[24][25] The A330 and previous iterations of the A350 would only be able to accommodate a maximum of eight seats per row. The 787 is typically configured for nine seats per row.[26] The 777 accommodates nine or ten seats per row, with more than half of recent 777s being ten-abreast as the 777X will be.[27] The A350 cabin is {{cvt|12.7|cm}} wider at the eye level of a seated passenger than the 787's cabin,[28] and {{cvt|28|cm}} narrower than the Boeing 777's cabin. (See Wide-body aircraft for a comparison of cabin widths and seating.) All A350 passenger models have a range of at least {{cvt|8000|nmi|km|0}}. The redesigned composite fuselage provides higher cabin pressure and humidity, and lower maintenance costs.

On 1 December 2006, the Airbus board of directors approved the industrial launch of the A350-800, -900, and -1000 variants.[29] The delayed launch decision was a result of delays of the Airbus A380[30] and discussions on how to fund development. EADS CEO Thomas Enders stated that the A350 programme was not a certainty, citing EADS/Airbus's stretched resources.[31][32] However, it was decided programme costs are to be borne mainly from cash-flow. First delivery for the A350-900 was scheduled for mid-2013, with the -800 and -1000 following on 12 and 24 months later, respectively.[29] New technical details of the A350 XWB were revealed at a press conference in December 2006. John Leahy indicated existing A350 contracts were being re-negotiated due to price increases compared to the original A350s contracted. On 4 January 2007, Pegasus Aviation Finance Company placed the first firm order for the A350 XWB with an order for two aircraft.[33]

The design change imposed a two-year delay into the original timetable and increased development costs from US$5.3 billion (€5.5 billion) to approximately US$10 billion (€9.7 billion).[34][35] The total development cost for the A350 was estimated at US$15 billion by Reuters (€12 billion or £10 billion).[36] The original mid-2013 delivery date of the A350 changed, as a longer than anticipated development forced Airbus to delay the final assembly and first flight of the aircraft to the third quarter of 2012 and second quarter of 2013 respectively. As a result, the flight test schedule was compressed from the original 15 months to 12 months. A350 programme chief Didier Evrard stressed that delays only affected the A350-900 while the -800 and -1000 schedules remained unchanged.[37]

Design phase

Airbus suggested Boeing's use of composite materials for the 787 fuselage was premature, and that the new A350 XWB was to feature large carbon fibre panels for the main fuselage skin. After facing criticism for maintenance costs,[38] Airbus confirmed in early September 2007 the adoption of composite fuselage frames for the aircraft structure.[39][40] The composite frames would feature aluminium strips to ensure the electrical continuity of the fuselage (for dissipating lightning strikes).[41] Airbus used a full mock up fuselage to develop the wiring, a different approach from the A380, on which the wiring was all done on computers.[42]

In 2006, Airbus confirmed development of a full bleed air system on the A350, as opposed to the 787's bleedless configuration.[43][44][45] Rolls-Royce agreed with Airbus to supply a new variant of the Trent turbofan engine for the A350 XWB, named Trent XWB. In 2010, after low-speed wind tunnel tests, Airbus finalised the static thrust at sea level for all three proposed variants to the {{cvt|330|-|420|kN|lbf}} range.[46]

General Electric (GE) stated it would not offer the GP7000 engine on the aircraft, and that previous contracts for the GEnx on the original A350 did not apply to the XWB.[47] Engine Alliance partner Pratt & Whitney seemed to be at odds with GE on this, having publicly stating that it was looking at an advanced derivative of the GP7000.[48] In April 2007, Airbus former chief executive Louis Gallois held direct talks with GE management over developing a GEnx variant for the A350 XWB.[49][50] In June 2007, Airbus's chief operating officer John Leahy indicated that the A350 XWB would not feature the GEnx engine, saying that Airbus wanted GE to offer a more efficient version for the airliner.[51] Since then, the largest GE engines operators, which include Emirates, US Airways, Hawaiian Airlines and ILFC have selected the Trent XWB for their A350 orders. In May 2009, GE said that if it were to reach a deal with Airbus to offer the current 787-optimised GEnx for the A350, it would only power the -800 and -900 variants. GE believed it can offer a product that outperforms the Trent 1000 and Trent XWB, but was reluctant to support an aircraft competing directly with its GE90-115B-powered 777 variants.[52]

In January 2008, French-based Thales Group won a US$2.9 billion (€2 billion) 20-year contract to supply avionics and navigation equipment for the A350 XWB, beating Honeywell and Rockwell Collins.[53] US-based Rockwell Collins and Moog Inc. were chosen to supply the horizontal stabiliser actuator and primary flight control actuation, respectively. The flight management system incorporated several new safety features.[54] Regarding cabin ergonomics and entertainment, in 2006 Airbus signed a firm contract with BMW for development of an interior concept for the original A350.[55] On 4 February 2010, Airbus signed a contract with Panasonic Avionics Corporation to deliver in-flight entertainment and communication (IFEC) systems for the Airbus A350 XWB.[56]

Production

In 2008, Airbus planned to introduce new techniques and procedures to cut assembly time in half.[57] The A350 XWB production programme sees extensive international collaboration and investments in new facilities: Airbus constructed 10 new factories in Western Europe and the US, with extensions carried out on 3 further sites.[58]

Among the new buildings was a £570 million (US$760 million or €745 million) composite facility in Broughton, Wales, which would be responsible for the wings.[59] In June 2009, the National Assembly for Wales announced provision of a £28 million grant to provide a training centre, production jobs and money toward the new production centre.[60]

Airbus manufactured the first structural component in December 2009.[61] Production of the first fuselage barrel began in late 2010 at its production plant in Illescas, Spain.[62] Construction of the first A350-900 centre wingbox was set to start in August 2010.[63]

The new composite rudder plant in China opened in early 2011.[64] The forward fuselage of the first A350 was delivered to the final assembly plant in Toulouse on 29 December 2011.[65] Final assembly of the first A350 static test model was started on 5 April 2012.[66] Final assembly of the first prototype A350 was completed in December 2012.[67]

The production rate was expected to rise from three aircraft per month in early 2015 to five at the end of 2015, and would ramp to ten aircraft per month by 2018.[68] In 2015, 17 planes would be delivered and the initial dispatch reliability was 98%.[69] Airbus plans to increase its production rate from 10 monthly in 2018 to 13 monthly from 2019, while the Boeing 787 production will increase from 12 to 14 per month in 2019, and six A330 are produced monthly.[70] Around 90 deliveries are expected in 2018, with about 15% -1000s (≈{{#expr:90*.15round0}}).[71]

Testing and certification

The first Trent engine test was made on 14 June 2010.[72] The Trent XWB's flight test programme began use on the A380 development aircraft in early 2011, ahead of engine certification in late 2011. On 2 June 2013, the Trent XWB engines were powered up on the A350 for the first time. Airbus confirmed that the flight test programme would last 12 months and use five test aircraft.[73]

The A350's maiden flight took place on 14 June 2013 from the Toulouse–Blagnac Airport.[74] Airbus's chief test pilot said, "it just seemed really happy in the air...all the things we were testing had no major issues at all."[75] It flew for 4 hours, reaching Mach .8 at 25,000 feet after retracting the landing gear and starting a 2,500 h flight test campaign.[76] Development costs were estimated at €11 billion (US$15 billion or £9.5 billion) in June 2013.[77]

A350 XWB, F-WWCF, msn. 2, underwent two-and-a-half weeks of climatic tests in the unique McKinley Climatic Laboratory at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, in May 2014, and was subjected to multiple climatic and humidity settings from a high of 45 °C to as low as -40 °C.[78]

The A350 received type certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on 30 September 2014.[79] On 15 October 2014, EASA approved the A350-900 for ETOPS 370, allowing it to fly more than six hours on one engine and making it the first airliner to be approved for "ETOPS Beyond 180 minutes" before entry into service.[80] Later that month Airbus received regulatory approval for a Common Type Rating for pilot training between the A350 XWB and A330.[81] On 12 November 2014, the A350 received certification from the US Federal Aviation Administration.[82]

Introduction and early operations

In June 2011, the A350-900 was scheduled to enter service in the first half of 2014, with the -800 to enter service in mid-2016, and the -1000 in 2017.[97] In July 2012, Airbus delayed the -900's introduction by three months to the second half of 2014.[83] The first delivery to launch customer Qatar Airways took place on 22 December 2014.[84] The first commercial flight was made on 15 January 2015 between Doha and Frankfurt.[85]

One year after introduction, the A350 fleet had accumulated 3,000 cycles and around 16,000 flight hours. Average daily usage by first customers was 11.4 hours with flights averaging 5.2 hours, which are under the aircraft's capabilities and reflect both short flights within the schedules of Qatar Airways and Vietnam Airlines, as well as flight-crew proficiency training that is typical of early use and is accomplished on short-haul flights. Finnair was operating the A350 at very high rates: 15 flight hours per day for Beijing, 18 hours for Shanghai, and more than 20 hours for Bangkok.[101] This may have accelerated its retirement of the Airbus A340.[101]

In service problems had included three areas. The onboard Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul network needed software improvements. Airbus issued service bulletins regarding onboard equipment and removed galley inserts (coffee makers, toaster ovens) because of leaks. Airbus had to address spurious overheating warnings in the bleed air system by retrofitting an original connector with a gold-plated connector. Airbus targeted a 98.5 percent dependability by the end of 2016 and to match the mature A330 reliability by early 2019.[86]

By the end of May 2016, the in-service fleet had flown 55,200 hours over 9,400 cycles at a 97.8 percent operational reliability on three months. The longest operated sector was Qatar Airways' Adelaide–Doha at 13.8 hours for {{cvt|6120|nmi|km|0}}. 45 percent of flights were under {{cvt|3000|nmi|km|0}}, 16 percent over {{cvt|5000|nmi|km|0}}, and 39 percent in between. The average flight was 6.8 hours, with the longest average being 9.6 hours by TAM Airlines and the shortest being 2.1 hours by Cathay Pacific's. Aircraft seat configuration ranged from 253 seats for Singapore Airlines to 348 seats for TAM Airlines, with a 30 to 46 seat business class and a 211 to 318 seat economy class, often including a premium economy.[87]

The first A350-1000 was assembled in 2016, for a first flight on 24 November and entry into service planned for mid-2017.[88]

In January 2017, two years after introduction, 62 aircraft were in service with 10 airlines. They had accumulated 25,000 flights over 154,000 hours with an average daily utilisation of 12.5 hours, and transported six million passengers with a 98.7 percent operational reliability.[89] Zodiac Aerospace had business class seats production difficulties in its Gainesville, Texas and Santa Maria, California factories. After a year, Cathay Pacific experienced cosmetic quality issues and upgraded or replaced the seats for the earliest cabins.[90]

In 2017, average test flights before delivery decreased to 4.1 from 12 in 2014, with an average delay down to 25 days from 68.[91] Its reliability was 97.2 percent in 2015, 98.3 percent in 2016, and 98.8 percent in June 2017, just behind its 99 percent target for 2017.[92]

In June 2017 after 30 months in commercial operation, 80 A350 were in service with 12 operators, the largest being Qatar Airways with 17 and 13 each at Cathay Pacific and Singapore Airlines (SIA).[110] The fleet average block time was 7.2 hours with 53 percent below {{cvt|3000|nmi|km|0}}, 16 percent over {{cvt|5000|nmi|km|0}}, and 31 percent in between. LATAM Airlines had the longest average sector at 10.7 hours, and Asiana had the shortest at 3.8 hours.[110] Singapore Airlines operated the longest leg, Singapore to San Francisco {{cvt|7340|nmi|km|0}}, and the shortest leg, Singapore to Kuala Lumpur {{cvt|160|nmi|km|0}}.[110] In 2016, 49 were delivered and the monthly rate should grow to 10 by the end of 2018.[110] Seating varied from 253 for Singapore Airlines to 389 for Air Caraïbes, with most between 280 and 320.[93]

In October 2017, Airbus was testing extended sharklets, which could offer {{cvt|100|-|140|nmi|km|0}} extra range and reduce fuel burn by 1.4–1.6 percent.[94] The wing twist is being changed for the wider, optimised spanload pressure distribution, and they will be used for the Singapore Airlines A350-900ULR in 2018 before spreading to other variants.[95]

Iberia was the first to get the upgraded -900 on 26 June 2018, with a {{cvt|280|t|lb|0}} MTOW version for an {{cvt|8200|nmi|km|0}} range with 325 passengers in three classes.[96][97]

As of February 2018, 142 -900s had been delivered, with a dispatch reliability of 99.3 percent.[119]

Design

Overview

In September 2007, Airbus rolled out new design advances to a gathering of 100 representatives from existing and potential XWB customers. The A350 XWB is based on the technologies developed for the Airbus A380 and includes a similar cockpit and fly-by-wire systems layout.

Airbus expects 10 percent lower airframe maintenance compared with the original A350 design and 14 percent lower empty seat weight than the Boeing 777.[98] Design freeze for the A350-900 was achieved in December 2008.[99]

Materials

The A350 XWB airframe will be made out of 53 percent composites: carbon fibre reinforced plastic for the outer and centre wing box (covers, stringers, spars), fuselage (skin, frame, keel beam, and rear fuselage) and the empennage (horizontal and vertical tailplanes); 19 percent aluminium and aluminium-lithium alloy for ribs, floor beams, and gear bays; 14 percent titanium for landing gears, pylons, and attachments; 6 percent steel; and 8 percent miscellaneous.[100] The A350's competitor, the Boeing 787, is 50 percent composites, 20 percent aluminium, 15 percent titanium, 10 percent steel, and 5 percent other.[101]

Fuselage

The A350 XWB fuselage has a constant width from door 1 to door 4, unlike previous Airbus aircraft, to provide maximum usable volume.[102] The double-lobe (ovoid) fuselage cross-section has a maximum outer diameter of {{cvt|5.97|m|ft}}, compared to {{cvt|5.64|m|ft}} for the A330/A340.[103] The cabin's internal width is {{cvt|5.61|m|ft}} at armrest level compared to {{cvt|5.49|m|ft}} in the Boeing 787[104] and {{cvt|5.87|m|ft}} in the Boeing 777. It allows for an eight-abreast 2–4–2 arrangement in a premium economy layout, with the seats being {{cvt|49.5|cm|in}} wide between {{cvt|5|cm|in|1|adj=on}} wide arm rests. Airbus says that the seat will be {{cvt|1.3|cm|in|1}} wider than a 787 seat in the equivalent configuration. In the nine-abreast, 3–3–3 standard economy layout, the A350 seat will be {{cvt|45|cm|in}} wide, {{cvt|1.27|cm|in|1}} wider than a seat in the equivalent layout in the 787,[105] and {{cvt|3.9|cm|in|1}} wider than a seat in the equivalent A330 layout.[106] The current 777 and future derivatives have {{cvt|1.27|cm|in|1}} greater seat width than the A350 in a nine-abreast configuration.[107][108][109] The 10-abreast seating on the A350 is similar to a 9-abreast configuration on the A330, with a seat width of {{cvt|41.65|cm|in|1}}.[24][110] Overall, Airbus promises passengers more headroom, larger overhead storage space, and wider panoramic windows than current Airbus models.

The A350 nose section has a configuration derived from the A380 with a forward-mounted nosegear bay and a six-panel flightdeck windscreen.[111] This differs substantially from the four-window arrangement in the original design.[135] The new nose improves aerodynamics and enables overhead crew rest areas to be installed further forward and eliminate any encroachment in the passenger cabin. The new windscreen has been revised to improve vision by reducing the width of the centre post. The upper shell radius of the nose section has been increased. The nose is likely to be constructed from aluminium but Airbus is currently running trade-off studies considering a one-piece carbon fibre structure. According to Gordon McConnell, A350 Chief Engineer, a carbon fibre structure would need titanium reinforcements for birdstrike protection, thus the aluminium structure is the best cost-wise.[112]

Undercarriage

Airbus adopted a new philosophy for the attachment of the A350's main undercarriage as part of the switch to a composite wing structure. Each main undercarriage leg is attached to the rear wing spar forward and to a gear beam aft, which itself is attached to the wing and the fuselage. To help reduce the loads further into the wing, a double side-stay configuration has been adopted. This solution resembles the design of the Vickers VC10.[113]

Airbus devised a three-pronged main undercarriage design philosophy encompassing both four- and six-wheel bogies to stay within pavement loading limits. The A350-900 has four-wheel bogies in a {{cvt|4.1|m|ft}} long bay. The higher weight variant, the A350-1000 uses a six-wheel bogie, with a {{cvt|4.7|m|ft}} undercarriage bay.[114] French-based Messier-Dowty provides the main undercarriage for the -900 variant, and UTC Aerospace Systems supplies the −1000 variant. The nose gear is supplied by Liebherr Aerospace.[115]

Wing

The A350 features new composite wings with a wingspan that is common to the proposed variants.[116] Its {{cvt|64.75|m|ft}} wingspan stays within the same ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code E 65m limit as the A330/A340[117] and the Boeing 777.[118] The A350's wing has a 31.9° sweep angle for a Mach 0.85 cruise speed and have a maximum operating speed of Mach 0.89.[119]

The -900 wing covers a {{cvt|442|m2|sqft}} area.[144] This is between the {{cvt|436.8|m2|sqft}} wing of the current Boeing 777-200LR/300ER and the {{cvt|466.8|m2|sqft}} wing of the in-development Boeing 777X.[120] However, Boeing and Airbus do not use the same measurement.[121] The A350-1000 wing is 22.3m² (240 ft²) larger through a 30 cm (12 in) extension to the inboard sections of the fixed trailing edge.[147]

A new trailing-edge high-lift device has been adopted with an advanced dropped-hinge flap similar to that of the Airbus A380, which permits the gap between the trailing edge and the flap to be closed with the spoiler.[122] It is a limited morphing wing with adaptive features for continuously optimising the wing loading to reduce fuel burn: variable camber for longitudinal load control where inboard & outboard flaps deflect together and differential flaps setting for lateral load control where inboard & outboard flaps deflect differentially.[123]

The manufacturer has extensively used computational fluid dynamics and also carried out more than 4,000 hours of low- and high-speed windtunnel testing to refine the aerodynamic design.[124] The final configuration of wing and winglet was achieved for the "Maturity Gate 5" on 17 December 2008.[125] The wingtip device curves upwards over the final {{cvt|4.4|m|ft}}.[102]

The wings are produced in the new £400M, {{cvt|46000|m2}} North Factory at Airbus Broughton, employing 650 workers, in a specialist facility constructed with £29M of support from the Welsh Government.[126]

Cockpit and avionics

The revised design of the A350 XWB's glass cockpit dropped the A380-sized display and adopted {{cvt|38|cm|in}} liquid-crystal display screens. The new six-screen configuration includes two central displays mounted one above the other (the lower one above the thrust levers) and a single (for each pilot) primary flight/navigation display, with an adjacent on-board information system screen.[127] Airbus says the cockpit design allows for future advances in navigation technology to be placed on the displays plus gives flexibility and capacity to upload new software and to combine data from multiple sources and sensors for flight management and aircraft systems control.[128] A head-up display is also present in the cockpit.

Avionics are a further development of the integrated modular avionics (IMA) concept found on the A380. The A350's IMA will manage up to 40 functions (versus 23 functions for the A380) such as undercarriage, fuel, pneumatics, cabin environmental systems, and fire detection.[129][128] Airbus stated that the benefits includes reduced maintenance and lower weight because as the IMA replaces multiple processors and LRUs with around 50 percent fewer standard computer modules known as line-replaceable modules. The IMA runs on a 100 Mbit/s network based on the AFDX standard, as employed in the A380, in place of the architecture used on the A330/A340.

Propulsion

The Rolls-Royce Trent XWB feature a {{cvt|118|in|cm}} fan disk diameter and the design will be based on the advanced developments of the Airbus A380 Trent 900 and the Boeing 787 Trent 1000. It has two thrust levels to power the A350 variants: a {{cvt|84000|lbf|kN}} for the A350-900 and a {{cvt|97000|lbf|kN}} for the A350-1000. The higher-thrust version will have some modifications to the fan module—it will be the same diameter but will run slightly faster and have a new fan blade design—and run at increased temperatures allowed by new materials technologies from Rolls-Royce's research.[130]

The Trent XWB may also benefit from the next-generation reduced acoustic mode scattering engine duct system (RAMSES), an acoustic quieting engine nacelle intake, and a carry-on design of the Airbus's "zero splice" intake liner developed for the A380.[131] A "hot and high" rating option for Middle Eastern customers Qatar Airways, Emirates, and Etihad Airways keep its thrust available at higher temperatures and altitudes.

Airbus is aiming to certify the A350 with 350-minute ETOPS capability on entry into service.[132] That could reach 420 min later,[133] although Airbus achieved a 370–minute ETOPS rating on 15 October 2014 which covers 99.7% of the Earth's surface.[134] Engine thrust-reversers and nacelles will be supplied by US-based UTC Aerospace Systems.

Systems

Honeywell supplies its {{cvt|1700|hp|kW|0}} HGT1700 auxiliary power unit with 10 percent greater power density than the TPE331 from which it is developed, and the air management system: the bleed air, environmental control, cabin pressure control and supplemental cooling systems.[135] Airbus says that the new design provides a better cabin atmosphere with 20 percent humidity, a typical cabin altitude at or below {{cvt|6000|ft|m}} and an airflow management system that adapts cabin airflow to passenger load with draught-free air circulation.[5]

The ram air turbine, capable of generating 100 kilovolt-ampere, is supplied by Hamilton Sundstrand and located in the lower surface of the fuselage.[136] In light of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems, in February 2013 Airbus decided to revert from lithium-ion to the proven nickel-cadmium technology although the flight test programme will continue with the lithium-ion battery systems.[137] In late 2015, MSN24 was delivered with {{cvt|176|lb}} lighter Saft Li-ion batteries and in June 2017, fifty A350s were flying with them and benefiting from a two-year maintenance schedule instead of NiCd's 4–6 months.[138]

Parker Hannifin supplies the complete fuel package: inerting system, fuel measurement and management systems, mechanical equipment and fuel pumps. The fuel tank inerting system features air-separation modules to generate nitrogen-enriched air to reduce the flammability of fuel vapour in the tanks. Parker also provides hydraulic power generation and distribution system: reservoirs, manifolds, accumulators, thermal control, isolation, software and new engine- and electric motor-driven pump designs. Parker estimates the contracts will generate more than $2 billion in revenues over the life of the programme.[139]

Variants

The three main variants of the A350 were launched in 2006, with entry into service planned for 2013.[29] At the 2011 Paris Air Show, Airbus postponed the entry into service of the A350-1000 by two years to mid-2017.[140] In July 2012, the A350's entry into service was delayed to the second half of 2014,[83] before the -900 began service on 15 January 2015.[85] In October 2012, the -800 was due to enter service in mid-2016,[141] but its development has been cancelled since September 2014.[174] The A350 is also offered as the ACJ350 corporate jet by Airbus Corporate Jets (ACJ), offering a {{cvt|10800|nmi|km|order=flip}} range for 25 passengers for the -900 derivative.[175]

A350-900

The A350-900 is the first A350 model, has a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 275 tonnes,[176] typically seats 325 passengers, and has a range of {{cvt|8100|nmi|km|0}}.[177] Airbus says that per seat, the Boeing 777-200ER should have a 16 percent heavier manufacturer's empty weight, a 30 percent higher block fuel consumption, and 25 percent higher cash operating costs than the A350-900.[142] The −900 is designed to compete with the Boeing 777 and 787[143] (777-200ER/LR, Boeing 777-8, and Boeing 787-10), while replacing the Airbus A340-300 and A340-500.

A proposed A350−900R extended-range variant was to feature the higher engine thrust, strengthened structure, and landing gear of the 308 tonnes MTOW -1000 to give a further {{cvt|800|nmi|km}} range.[144]

An A350−900F freighter with a {{cvt|5000|nmi|km|0}} range and a similar payload and volume to the 91.7 tonne and {{cvt|440|m3}} McDonnell Douglas MD-11F should be studied after the -1000 is done, depending on market demand.[145]

Philippine Airlines will replace its A340-300 with an A350-900HGW[146] high gross weight version available from 2017. It will enable non-stop Manila-New York City flights without payload limitations in either direction,[147] a {{cvt|7404|nmi|km|0}} flight.[148] The PAL version will have a 278 tonne MTOW, and from 2020, the -900 will be proposed with the ULR's 280 tonne MTOW, up from the 268 tonnes for the original weight variant and the certified 260, 272, and 275 tonne variants, with the large fuel capacity. This will enable a {{cvt|8100|nmi|km|0}} range with 325 seats in a three-class layout.[149]

In early November 2017, Emirates committed to purchase 40 Boeing 787-10 aircraft before Airbus presented a picture-changing A350-900 layout with the rear pressure bulkhead pushed back by {{cvt|2.5|ft|0}}.[150] After Emirates' Tim Clark was shown a ten-abreast economy cabin and galley changes, he said the -900 is "more marketable" as a result.[151]

The average lease rates of the first A350-900s produced in 2014 were $1.1 million per month, not including maintenance reserves amounting to $18 million after 10–12 years, and falling to $940,000 per month in 2018 while a new A350-900 is leased for $1.2 million per month and its interior can cost $12 million, 10% of the aircraft.[152]

By 2018, a 2014 build was valued $108M falling to $74.5M by 2022 while a new build was valued for $148M, a 6+12year check cost $3M and an engine overhaul $4–6.5M.[153]

A350-900ULR

The MTOW of the ultra-long range -900ULR has been increased to {{cvt|280|t|lb}} and its fuel capacity increased from {{cvt|141000 to 165000|l|USgal}} within existing fuel tanks, enabling up to 19-hour flights with a {{cvt|9700|nmi|km}} range.[190] The MTOW is increased by 5 tonnes from the previously certified 275 tonnes variant.[154] Due to the A350-900's fuel consumption of 5.8 tonnes/hour, it needs an additional 24 tonnes of fuel to fly 19 hours instead of the standard 15 hours: the increased MTOW and lower payloads will enable the larger fuel capacity.[155] Non-stop flights could last more than 20 hours.[156] The first −900ULR was rolled out without its engines in February 2018 for ground testing, and debuted flight-tests after engine installation to check the larger fuel capacity and to measure the performance improvements from the extended winglets.[157] It made its first flight on 23 April 2018.[158]

Singapore Airlines, the launch customer, will use its seven -900ULR aircraft on non-stop flights between Singapore and New York City, and cities on the U.S. west coast.[196] Singapore Airlines' seating is to be from 170 in largely business class seating up to over 250 in mixed seating.[159] The planes can be reconfigured.[160] They will have two seating classes.[161] The airline received its first -900ULR on 23 September 2018, with 67 business class seats and 94 premium economy seats.[162]

On 12 October, it landed the world's longest flight in New York/Newark from Singapore Changi after 17 h 52 min.[163] The flight covered {{cvt|16,562|km|nmi}} for a {{cvt|15,353|km|nmi}} orthodromic distance.[164] It burned {{cvt|101.4|t|lb}} of fuel to cover the route in 17h22min: an average of {{#expr:101.4/(17+22/60)round1}} t/h.[165]

At the 2015 Dubai Air Show, Airbus's John Leahy noted the appetite of the Middle Eastern Gulf airlines for this variant.[166] In February 2018, Qatar Airways expressed no interest in the -900ULR.[167]

Compared to the standard -900, the -900ULR additional value is likely around $2 million.[168]

ACJ350

Airbus Corporate Jet version of the A350, the ACJ350, is derived from the A350-900ULR. As a result of the increased fuel capacity from the -900ULR, the ACJ350 has a maximum range of {{cvt|20000|km|nmi|-1}}.[169]

A350 Regional

After the Boeing 787-10 launch at the 2013 Paris Air Show, Airbus discussed with airlines a possible A350-900 Regional with a reduced MTOW of 250 tonnes and engine thrust reduced to 70,000-75,000 lb (from the standard 85,000 lb).[170][171] The variant was said to be optimised for routes up to {{cvt|6800|nmi|km|0}} with seating for up to 360 passengers in a single-class layout.[171] Etihad Airways and Singapore Airlines were said to be ordering the A350 Regional.[172][173] Since 2013, there has been no further announcement about this variant.

A350-1000

The A350-1000 is the largest variant of the A350 family at just under 74 metres in length. It seats 366 passengers in a typical three-class layout with a range of {{cvt|8000|nmi|km|sigfig=3}}.[213] With a 9-abreast configuration, it is designed to replace the A340-600 and compete with the Boeing 777-300ER and 777-9. Airbus estimates a 366-seat -1000 should have a 35 t lighter operating empty weight than a 398-seat 777-9, a 15% lower trip cost, a 7% lower seat cost, and a {{cvt|400|nmi|km|sigfig=2}} greater range.[174] Compared to a Boeing 777-300ER with 360 seats, Airbus claims a 25% fuel burn per seat advantage for an A350-1000 with 369 seats.[175] The {{cvt|7|m|ft}} extension seats 40 more passengers with 40% more premium area.[123]

The -1000 can match the 40 more seats of the 777-9 by going 10-abreast but with diminished comfort.[176]

The A350-1000 has an 11-frame stretch over the −900 and a slightly larger wing than the −800/900 models with trailing-edge extension increasing its area by 4%. This will extend the high-lift devices and the ailerons, making the chord bigger by around 400 mm, optimising flap lift performance as well as cruise performance.[177] The main landing gear is a 6-wheel bogie instead of a 4-wheel bogie, put in a one frame longer bay. The Rolls-Royce Trent XWB engine's thrust is augmented to {{cvt|97,000|lbf|kN}}.[178] These and other engineering upgrades are necessary so that the −1000 model maintains range.[179]

In 2011, Airbus redesigned the A350-1000 with higher weights and a more powerful engine variant for more range for trans-Pacific operations which will boost its appeal to Cathay Pacific, Singapore Airlines, which committed to 20 777-9, and United Airlines, which could turn to 777-300ERs to replace its 747-400s. The first serial unit was on the final assembly line in early December.[232] After its maiden flight on 7 December, delivery to launch customer Qatar Airways slipped to early 2018.[189] The delay was due to issues with the business class seat installation.[190] It was delivered on 20 February[191] and entered commercial service on Qatar Airways' Doha to London Heathrow route on 24 February.[192]

It features an automatic emergency descent function to around {{cvt|10,000|ft}} and notifies air traffic control if the crew fails to respond to an alert, indicating possible incapacitation from depressurisation. The avionics software adaptation is activated by a push and pull button to avoid mistakes and could be retrofitted in the smaller -900.[193] All performance targets have been met or exceeded and it remains within its weight specification, unlike early −900s.[194] Its basic {{cvt|308|t|lb}} maximum take-off weight was bumped to {{cvt|311|t|lb}} before offering a possible {{cvt|316|t|lb}} version.[195] Its 316 t MTOW appeared in the 29 May 2018 update of its type certificate data sheet.[188] This raised its range from {{cvt|7950|to|8400|nmi|km}}.[196] A further MTOW increase by 3 t to 319 t is under study to be available from 2020 and could be a response to Qantas' Project Sunrise.[197]

Further stretch

Airbus has explored the possibility of a further stretch offering 45 more seats.[198] A potential 4 m stretch would remain within the exit limit of four door pairs, and a modest MTOW increase from 308 t to 319 t would need only 3% more thrust, within the Rolls-Royce Trent XWB-97 capabilities, and would allow a {{cvt|7600|nmi|km|order=flip}} range to compete with the Boeing 777-9 capabilities.[199]

This variant was to be a replacement for the Boeing 747-400,[200] tentatively dubbed the A350-8000,[201] -2000[249] or -1100.[198] Within the June 2016 Airbus Innovation Days, chief commercial officer John Leahy was concerned about the size of a 400-seat market besides the Boeing 747-8 and the 777-9 and chief executive Fabrice Brégier feared such an aircraft could cannibalise demand for the -1000.[202]

The potential {{cvt|258|feet|m|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} aeroplane was competing against a hypothetical 777-10X for Singapore Airlines.[203] At the 2017 Paris Air Show, the concept was shelved for lacking market appeal and in January 2018 Fabrice Brégier focused on enhancing the A350-900/1000 to capture potential before 2022/2023, when it will be possible to stretch the A350 with a new engine generation.[204]

Undeveloped A350-800

The {{cvt|60.45|m}} long A350-800 was designed to seat 276 passengers in a typical 3-class configuration with a range of {{cvt|15270|km|nmi|0}} with an MTOW of {{cvt|259|t|lb}}.[205]

In January 2010 Airbus opted to develop the -800 as a shrink of the baseline -900, avoid a specific development and increasing its payload by {{cvt|3|t|lb}} or its range by {{cvt|250|nmi|km|order=flip}} but leading to a fuel burn penalty by "a couple of percent" according to John Leahy.[206] The previously planned optimisation to the structure and landing gear was not beneficial enough against better commonality and maximum takeoff weight increase by 11t from 248t.[207] The −800's fuselage is 10 frames shorter (six forward and four aft of wing) than the −900 aircraft.[208] It was designed to supplement the Airbus A330-200 long-range twin.[209] Airbus planned to decrease structural weight in the -800 as development continued, which should have been around airframe 20.[210]

While its backlog reached 182 in mid-2008, it diminished since 2010 as customers switched to the larger -900.[211] After launching the Airbus A330neo at the 2014 Farnborough Airshow, Airbus dropped the A350-800, with its CEO Fabrice Brégier saying "I believe all of our customers will either convert to the A350-900 or the A330neo".[212] He later confirmed at a September 2014 press conference that development of the A350-800 had been "cancelled."[213] There were 16 orders left for the -800 since Yemenia switched to the -900 and Hawaiian Airlines moved to the A330neo in December 2014: 8 for Aeroflot and 8 for Asiana Airlines, both also having orders for the -900.[214] In January 2017, Aeroflot and Airbus announced the cancellation of its -800 order, leaving Asiana Airlines as the only customer for the variant.[215] After the negotiation between Airbus and Asiana Airlines,[216] Asiana converted orders of eight A350-800s and one A350-1000 to nine A350-900s.[217]

New Engine Option

By November 2018, Airbus was hiring in Toulouse and Madrid to develop a re-engined A350neo.

There were 235 A350 aircraft in service with 24 operators {{as of|2018|12|31|lc=on}}.

Operator First commercial service Number in service
Air Caraïbesformat=dmy|2017|03|02}}[219]2
Air Mauritiusformat=dmy|2017|10|23}}2
Air Chinaformat=dmy|2018|08|14}}[220][221][222]7
Asiana Airlinesformat=dmy|2017|05|15}}[223]6
Cathay Pacificformat=dmy|2016|06|01}}[224][225]31
China Airlinesformat=dmy|2016|10|30}}[226]14
China Eastern Airlinesformat=dmy|2018|12|4}}[227]4
Delta Air Linesformat=dmy|2017|10|30}}[228]13
Ethiopian Airlinesformat=dmy|2016|07|02}}[229]10
Finnairformat=dmy|2015|10|09}}[230]13
French Beeformat=dmy|2017|08|23}}[231]2
Hainan Airlinesformat=dmy|2018|10|13}}[232]4
Hong Kong Airlinesformat=dmy|2017|09|10}}[233]9
Iberiaformat=dmy|2018|06|26}}[234][235]3
LATAM Brasil (formerly TAM)format=dmy|2016|01|25}}[236][237]11
Lufthansaformat=dmy|2017|02|10}}[238]12
Malaysia Airlinesformat=dmy|2017|12|08}}[239]6
Philippine Airlinesformat=dmy|2018|07|21}}[240]5
Qatar Airwaysformat=dmy|2015|01|15}}[241]37
Sichuan Airlinesformat=dmy|2018|08|14}}[242]3
Singapore Airlinesformat=dmy|2016|03|08}}[243]32
Thai Airwaysformat=dmy|2016|09|04}}[244]12
Vietnam Airlinesformat=dmy|2015|07|03}}[245]13
Total249

Specifications

A350 aircraft characteristics[246]
ModelA350-900A350-1000
Cockpit crewTwo
Seating325/315 (48B+267Y)
ULR: 173=80J+93Y		366/369 (54B+315Y)
387 (2-class)[247]
Exit limit440[188]
Overall length66.8 m / 219.5 ft73.79 m / 242.1 ft
Wing64.75 m / 212.43 ft span, 31.9° sweep[119]
Aspect ratio{{#expr:64.75/(442/64.75)round2}}{{#expr:64.75/((442+22.3)/64.75)round2}}
Wing area442|m2|sqft}}[248]{{#expr:442+22.3}}|m2|sqft}}[249]
Overall height17.05 m / 55 ft 11 in[250]17.08 m / 56 ft 0 in[251]
Fuselage5.96 m / 19.7 ft width, 6.09 m / 19.98 ft height
Cabin width5.61 m / 18 ft 5 in,[250][251] 9-abreast Seat : 18 in / 46 cm{{efn|10-abreast: {{cvt|16.8|in|cm}}[252]}}
MTOW280 t / 617,295 lb316 t / 696,661 lb
Max. payload53.3|t|lb}}
{{cvt|{{#expr:297000-195700}}|-|{{#expr:320000-195700}}|lb|t|order=flip|1}}[119]		64.2|t|lb}}
Fuel capacity[188]140,795|L|USgal}}
{{cvt|110,523|kg}}{{efn|name=ER}}		158,791|L|USgal}}
{{cvt|124,651|kg}}
OEW{{#expr:195.7-53.3}}|t|lb}} typical
{{cvt|297,000|-|320,000|lb|t|order=flip|1}}[119]		{{#expr:223-64.2}}|t|lb}}
{{cvt|155|t|lb}} dry[253]
MEW115.7|t|lb|0}}[254]129 t (284,000 lb)[255]
Cargo capacity36 LD3 or 11 pallets44 LD3 or 14 pallets
cruise{{cvt|0.85|Mach|43000|knots km/h|0}} Typical, {{cvt|0.89|Mach|34000|knots km/h|0}} Maximum[119]
Range325 passengers}}[250]{{efn|name=ER|-900ULR fuel capacity: {{cvt|165|m3|USgal|-2}},[256]{{cvt|9700|nmi|km|order=flip|-2}} range,[257] ACJ350 range: {{cvt|20000|km|nmi|-2}}[258]}}8,400|nmi|km|order=flip}}{{efn|366 passengers, 316 t MTOW}}[196]
Takeoff (MTOW, SL, ISA)2600|m|ft}}
Landing (MLW, SL, ISA)2000|m|ft}}
Service ceiling[188]43,100|ft}}41,450|ft}}
Engines (2×)Rolls-Royce Trent XWB
Maximum thrust[188]374.5 kN / 84,200 lbf431.5 kN / 97,000 lbf

Aircraft model designations

Type certificate[188]
Model Engines Certification Date
A350-941 Trent XWB-84 30 September 2014
A350-1041 Trent XWB-97 21 November 2017

ICAO aircraft type designators

Designation[259] Type
A359Airbus A350-900
A35KAirbus A350-1000

See also

{{Portal|Aviation|Airbus}}{{aircontent
|see also=
  • Airbus A330
  • Competition between Airbus and Boeing

|related=
  • Airbus A380

|similar aircraft=
  • Boeing 777X
  • Boeing 787 Dreamliner

|lists=
  • List of jet airliners
  • List of civil aircraft

}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^Final assembly in France
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3. ^{{Cite press release |url= http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/german-airbus-a350-xwb-production-commences/ |title=German Airbus A350 XWB Production commences |publisher= Airbus S.A.S. |date=31 August 2010 |accessdate=23 May 2011}}
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8. ^"Airbus to launch Boeing 7E7 rival." BBC News. 10 December 2004
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10. ^{{cite web|last=Norris|first=Guy|title=Qatar signs MoU to launch GEnx on A350|work=Flightglobal|date=14 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/14/201549/qatar-signs-mou-to-launch-genx-on-a350.html|accessdate=11 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415033457/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/14/201549/qatar-signs-mou-to-launch-genx-on-a350.html|archivedate=15 April 2008}}
11. ^{{Cite news|title=Airbus unleashes A350 for long-range twin dogfight|work=Flight International|date=15 June 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/06/15/199582/airbus-unleashes-a350-for-long-range-twin-dogfight.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130123081152/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/06/15/199582/airbus-unleashes-a350-for-long-range-twin-dogfight.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=23 January 2013|accessdate=11 November 2010}}
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13. ^{{Cite news|last=Brierley |first=David |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/pressure-mounts-following-attack-by-emirates-404436.html |title=Pressure mounts following attack by Emirates |work=The Independent |date=18 June 2006 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |location=London |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623153954/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/pressure-mounts-following-attack-by-emirates-404436.html |archivedate=23 June 2011 |df=dmy }}
14. ^"Airbus settling on wider fuselage, composite wing as it nears A350 revamp decision". ATW Online
15. ^Gates, D. "Airplane kingpins tell Airbus: Overhaul A350." Seattle Times, 29 March 2006
16. ^Hamilton, S. "Redesigning the A350: Airbus’ tough choice {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327094646/http://www.leeham.net/filelib/ScottsColumn040406.pdf |date=27 March 2009}}." Leeham Company
17. ^Michaels, D. and Lunsford, J.L. "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114442937150720186 Singapore Airlines Says Airbus Needs to Make A350 Improvements]." The Wall Street Journal, 7 April 2006
18. ^Associated Press. "Airbus Considering Improvements to A350". Seattle Times, 10 April 2006.
19. ^"Criticism prompts Airbus to study options, CEO says." Rothman, A. Bloomberg News, 11 April 2006.
20. ^{{cite news|title=Under Pressure, Airbus Redesigns A Troubled Plane|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115283988341806506|accessdate=28 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|date=14 July 2006}}
21. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Hepher|first1=Tim|title=Insight - Flying back on course: the inside story of the new Airbus A350 jet|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/12/22/uk-airbus-a350-insight-idUKKBN0JZ0Q220141222|accessdate=28 December 2014|work=Reuters|publisher=Reuters UK|date=22 December 2014}}
22. ^{{harvnb|Gunston|2009|p=254}}
23. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060721005272/en/Singapore-Airlines-Orders-20-Airbus-A350-XWB-900s |title=Singapore Airlines Orders 20 Airbus A350 XWB-900s and 9 Airbus A380s |website=Businesswire.com |date=21 July 2006 |accessdate=18 October 2013}}
24. ^1 {{cite web |title=Onboard well-being |url=http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a350xwbfamily/onboard-well-being/ |publisher=Airbus S.A.S. |accessdate=23 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403132931/http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a350xwbfamily/onboard-well-being/ |archivedate=3 April 2011 |df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web |author=Max Kingsley-Jones |title=PICTURE: 10-abreast A350 XWB 'would offer unprecedented operating cost advantage' |work=Flight International |date=19 May 2008 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/19/223853/picture-10-abreast-a350-xwb-would-offer-unprecedented-operating-cost-advantage.html |accessdate=24 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501095423/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/19/223853/picture-10-abreast-a350-xwb-would-offer-unprecedented-operating-cost-advantage.html |archivedate=1 May 2009 |deadurl=no}}
26. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/interiors-why-nine-is-the-magic-number-on-the-787-423662/ |title=Interiors: Why nine is the magic number on the 787 |date=5 April 2016 |author=Murdo Morrison |work=Flight international}}
27. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.airlinereporter.com/2016/01/777-9-vs-10-abreast-in-economy/ |title=Boeing 777: 9 vs 10 Abreast Economy Seating |work=Airline Reporter |date=22 January 2016}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a350/comfort.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205041546/http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a350/comfort.html |archivedate=5 February 2008 |title=Airbus – A350 XWB Xtra comfort}}
29. ^1 2 {{cite press release |title=A350 XWB Family receives industrial go-ahead |publisher=Airbus S.A.S. |date=1 December 2006 |url=http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/a350-xwb-family-receives-industrial-go-ahead/ |accessdate=23 May 2011}}
30. ^{{ cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/10/02/209601/a380-delay-puts-brakes-on-a350-xwb-formal-launch-at.html |title=A380 delay puts brakes on A350 XWB formal launch at Airbus |author1=Guy Norris |author2=Max Kingsley-Jones |work=Flight International |date=2 October 2006 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013071600/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/10/02/209601/a380-delay-puts-brakes-on-a350-xwb-formal-launch-at.html |archivedate=13 October 2007}}
31. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aYeQTI21_ZDY&refer=germany |title=Airbus May Stop Work on Its A350 Plane, FT Deutschland Says |author=Peter Dinkloh |publisher=Bloomberg |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604142258/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aYeQTI21_ZDY&refer=germany |archivedate=4 June 2011 |deadurl= no}}
32. ^"[https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/10/05/afx3068756.htmlAirbus CEO Streiff says A350 programme essential, but EADS board to decide]". Forbes. 5 October 2006. {{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
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34. ^"[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aW1OpAimXpY8&refer=europe Airbus Unveils New A350 to Take on Boeing's 787]." Bloomberg. 17 July 2006.{{dead link|date=February 2018}}
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140. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-a350-1000-delayed-to-2017-as-rolls-raises-xwb-358219/ |title= PARIS: A350-1000 delayed to 2017 as Rolls raises XWB thrust |date= 19 June 2011 |publisher= Flightglobal}}
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147. ^{{cite web |title=Philippine Airlines' international expansion continues with 5 new destinations, A350-900 HGW order |publisher=CAPA Centre for Aviation |date=20 November 2015 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/philippine-airlines-international-expansion-continues-with-5-new-destinations-a350-900-hgw-order-254207}}
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150. ^{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/emirates-dismisses-a380plus-concept-negotiations-continue |title=Emirates Dismisses A380plus Concept As Negotiations Continue |date=14 November 2017 |author=Jens Flottau |work=Aviation Week}}
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152. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.aircraftvaluenews.com/a350-900-lease-rentals-hold-steady/ |title= A350-900 Lease Rentals Hold Steady |author= Aircraft Value News |date= 14 May 2018}}
153. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.aircraftvaluenews.com/values-strong-as-engines-continue-to-turn/ |title= Values Strong As Engines Continue to Turn |author= Aircraft Value News |date= December 10, 2018}}
154. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://leehamnews.com/2015/10/13/airbus-a350-900ulr-enables-singapore-airlines-to-reopen-singapore-new-york/ |title=Airbus A350-900ULR enables Singapore Airlines to reopen Singapore-New York |publisher=Leehamnews |date=13 October 2015}}
155. ^{{cite web |url=https://leehamnews.com/2015/10/16/bjorns-corner-increasing-an-aircrafts-range/ |title=Bjorn's Corner: Increasing an aircraft's range |publisher=Leehamnews |date=16 October 2015}}
156. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-02-28/first-airbus-a350-900ulr-rolls-out-toulouse |title= First Airbus A350-900ULR Rolls Out in Toulouse |author= Gregory Polek |work= AIN Online |date= 28 February 2018}}
157. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-airbus-rolls-out-first-a350-900ulr-446286/ |title= Airbus rolls out first A350-900ULR |date= 28 Feb 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
158. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-first-a350-900ulr-starts-flight-test-campai-447920/ |title= First A350-900ULR starts flight-test campaign |date= 23 Apr 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
159. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-qantas-orders-idUSKBN1772X3 |title= Airbus, Boeing close in on Qantas'ultra-long haul dream |agency= Reuters |date= 6 April 2017 |author= Jamie Freed}}
160. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ausbt.com.au/airbus-confirms-ultra-long-range-a350-for-singapore-airlines |title=Singapore Airlines: non-stop USA flights with long-range A350 |publisher=Australian Business Traveller |date= 13 October 2015}}
161. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.ausbt.com.au/singapore-airlines-coy-on-long-range-airbus-a350-business-class |title= Singapore Airlines coy on long-range Airbus A350 business class |author= David Flynn |work= Australian Business Traveller |date= 10 November 2017}}
162. ^{{cite news |url= https://sbr.com.sg/aviation/news/singapore-airlines-receives-first-airbus-a350-900ulr-fly-worlds-longest-flight |title= SIA receives first Airbus A350-900ULR to fly world's longest flight |work= Singapore Business Review |date= 24 September 2018 |accessdate= 24 September 2018}}
163. ^{{cite press release |url= http://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/sg/media-centre/press-release/article/?q=en_UK/2018/October-December/ne3418-181012 |title= Singapore Airlines Launches World's Longest Flight |date= 12 October 2018 |publisher= Singapore Airlines}}
164. ^{{cite news |url= https://flightaware.com/live/flight/SIA22/history/20181011/1545Z/WSSS/KEWR |title= Singapore Airlines (SQ) #22 |date= 11 Oct 2018 |work= FlightAware}}
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166. ^{{cite news |url= https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/dubai-airshow-gulf-carriers-likely-buyers-of-airbus-a350-900-ultra-long-range-1.1617492 |title= Dubai Airshow: Gulf carriers likely buyers of Airbus A350-900 ultra-long range |work= Gulf News |date= 10 November 2015 }}
167. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.ausbt.com.au/qatar-airways-not-interested-in-ultra-long-range-a350-900ulr |title= Qatar Airways not interested in ultra-long range A350-900ULR |agency=Reuters |via=Australian Business Traveler |date= 21 February 2018}}
168. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.aircraftvaluenews.com/a350-900ulr-values-will-not-suffer-same-fate-as-a340-500/ |title= A350-900ULR Values Will Not Suffer Same Fate as A340-500 |work= Aircraft Value News |date= 29 October 2018}}
169. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/corporate/acj-family/acj350/ |title=ACJ350 XWB - Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119080038/http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/corporate/acj-family/acj350/ |archivedate=19 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}
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171. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/a350-regional-version-offered-lower-thrust |title=A350 Regional Version Offered At Lower Thrust}}
172. ^{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/etihad-orders-a350-regional-variant-part-fleet-renewal |title=Etihad Orders A350 Regional Variant As Part Of Fleet Renewal}}
173. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-launches-lower-weight-regional-a350-388540/ |title= Singapore launches lower-weight 'regional' A350 |date= 22 July 2013 |work= FlightGlobal}}
174. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=104646 |title= 2016 Airbus annual press conference - John Leahy adjusted |date= February 2016 |publisher= Airbus |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160309183633/http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=104646 |archivedate= 9 March 2016 |df= dmy-all}}
175. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-airbus-boeing-minijumbo-insight-idUSBRE9620TJ20130703 |title= Elbows fly in Airbus and Boeing battle over mini-jumbos |publisher= Reuters |date=3 July 2013 |author= Tim Hepher}}
176. ^{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/02/20/airbus-readies-a350-1000-delivery-dismissed-boeing-777-9/ |title= Airbus readies A350-1000 for delivery, dismisses Boeing 777-9 |date= 20 February 2018 |work= Leeham}}
177. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-opts-for-larger-wing-on-a350-1000-through-tra-341004/ |title= Airbus opts for larger wing on A350-1000 through trailing edge extension |date= 23 April 2010 |author= Max Kingsley-Jones |publisher= Flightglobal}}
178. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.airbusgroup.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2015/Publications-/Analysts-Meetings/Deutsche-Bank/Airbus-Commercial-Update---22-January-2015/Airbus%20Commercial%20Update%20-%2022%20January%202015.pdf |title= Airbus Commercial Update |publisher= Airbus |date= 22 January 2015}}
179. ^{{cite web |author= Jens Flottau |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/airbus-targets-late-summer-2014-a350-certification |title= Airbus Targets Late Summer 2014 For A350 Certification |publisher= Aviation Week |date= 28 October 2013}}
180. ^--> Emirates was disappointed with the changes and cancelled its order for 50 A350-900s and 20 A350-1000s instead of citing the whole order to the larger variant.{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-can-the-a350-1000-live-up-to-airbuss-exp-434824/ |title= Can the A350-1000 live up to Airbus's expectations? |date= 20 March 2017 |author= Max Kingsley-Jones |work= Flight Global}}
181. ^1 {{cite press release |title= Fuselage assembly begins in Hamburg and Saint-Nazaire |date= 25 September 2015 |publisher= Airbus |url= http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/airbus-starts-assembly-of-the-first-a350-1000/}}
182. ^--> Three flight test aircraft was planned with entry into service scheduled for mid-2017.{{cite press release |url= http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/airbus-starts-a350-1000-final-assembly/ |title= Airbus starts A350-1000 final assembly |publisher= Airbus |date= 10 February 2016}}
183. ^{{cite web |url= http://airwaysnews.com/blog/2016/04/15/the-first-airbus-a350-1000-completes-body-join/ |title= The First Airbus A350-1000 Completes Body Join |publisher= Airways News |date= 15 April 2016 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160514160121/http://airwaysnews.com/blog/2016/04/15/the-first-airbus-a350-1000-completes-body-join/ |archivedate= 14 May 2016 |df= dmy-all }}
184. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-details-duty-schedule-for-a350-1000-test-flee-431869/ |title= Airbus details duty schedule for A350-1000 test fleet |date= 28 November 2016 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global}}
185. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-airbus-raises-tempo-in-a350-1000-flight-t-437487/ |title= Airbus raises tempo in A350-1000 flight-test effort |date= 7 June 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global}}
186. ^{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2017/06/27/airbus-augments-a350-1000-capability/ |title= Airbus augments A350-1000 capability |date=27 June 2017 |work= Leeham}}
187. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/a350-1000-nears-certification-after-finishing-reliab-442815/ |title= A350-1000 nears certification after finishing reliability tests |date= 2 November 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global}}
188. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url= https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/TCDS_EASA%20_A_151_Airbus350_Iss15_2018-09-26.pdf |title= Airbus A350 type certificate data sheet |publisher= EASA |date= 9 July 2018}}
189. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/first-qatar-a350-1000-delivery-slips-to-2018-444508/ |title= First Qatar A350-1000 delivery slips to 2018 |date= 28 December 2017 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
190. ^{{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/aircraft-orders-deliveries/airbus-deliver-first-qatar-a350-1000-feb-20 |title= Airbus to deliver first Qatar A350-1000 Feb. 20 |date=9 February 2018 |author= Alan Dron |work= Aviation Week Network}}
191. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/qatar-to-put-first-a350-1000-on-heathrow-route-446042/ |title= Qatar to put first A350-1000 on Heathrow route |date= 20 February 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= FlightGlobal}}
192. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.gulf-times.com/story/582936/London-is-the-launch-destination-for-Qatar-Airways |title= London is the launch destination for Qatar Airways’ Airbus A350-1000 |date= 25 February 2018 |work= Gulf Times}}
193. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/a350-1000-features-automated-rapid-descent-capabilit-443509/ |title= A350-1000 features automated rapid-descent capability |date= 21 November 2017 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
194. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/airbus-receives-a350-1000-type-certificate |title= Airbus Receives A350-1000 Type Certificate |date=21 November 2017 |author= Jens Flottau |work= Aviation Week Network}}
195. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/easa-certifies-higher-weight-a350-1000-444543/ |title= EASA certifies higher-weight A350-1000 |date= 2 January 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
196. ^1 {{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/airframes/airbus-extends-range-a350-1000 |title= Airbus extends range of A350-1000 |date= 14 June 2018 |author= Jens Flottau |work= Aviation Week Network}}
197. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-airbus-proposes-longer-range-a350-1000-450406/ |title= Airbus proposes longer-range A350-1000 to Qatar |date= 17 July 2018 |author= Max Kingsley-Jones |work= Flightglobal}}
198. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/istat-leahy-changes-opinion-on-demand-for-new-a350-422535/ |title= ISTAT: Leahy changes opinion on demand for new A350 stretch |date= 29 February 2016 |publisher= Flightglobal}}
199. ^{{cite web |url= https://leehamnews.com/2016/03/23/airbus-exploring-higher-capacity-a350/ |title= Airbus exploring higher capacity A350 |date= 23 March 2016 |publisher= Leeham News}}
200. ^{{cite web |author= Arvai, Ernest S. |url= http://airinsight.com/2016/03/08/premium-209-super-twin-battle-extends-upward/ |title= The Super-Twin Battle Extends Upward |publisher= Airinsight.com |date= 8 March 2016}}{{paywall}}
201. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-airbus-a-idUSKCN0W51ZW |date=4 March 2016 |author= Tim Hepher |title=Exclusive: Airbus touts 400-seat 'A350-8000' jetliner |publisher= Reuters}}
202. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/opinion-is-airbus-caution-right-approach-for-a350-426047/ |title= OPINION: Is Airbus caution right approach for 'A350-2000'? |publisher= Flight International |date= 3 June 2016 |accessdate= }}
203. ^{{cite news |url= http://money.cnn.com/2016/11/07/news/companies/singapore-airbus-boeing-campaign/ |title= Singapore Airlines shops for world's longest jet |author= Jon Ostrower |work= CNN Money |date= 7 November 2016}}
204. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/a350-stretch-would-need-further-engine-evolution-br-444920/ |title= A350 stretch would need further engine evolution: Bregier |date= 16 January 2018 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
205. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/Airbus-Family-Figures-booklet.pdf |title= Airbus Family Figures |publisher=Airbus |date= Sep 2017}}
206. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/a350-800-to-be-developed-as-900-shrink-337033/ |title= A350-800 to be developed as -900 shrink |work=Flightglobal |date= 12 January 2010}}
207. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/qatar-airways-backs-airbus-rethink-on-a350-800-desig-337132/ |title=Qatar Airways backs Airbus rethink on A350-800 design|work=Flight International|date=15 January 2010}}
208. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-focuses-on-family-commonality-as-it-begins-a350-800-detailed-341139/ |title= Airbus focuses on family commonality as it begins A350-800 detailed design |publisher= FlightGlobal |date= 28 April 2010}}
209. ^{{cite web |title= 'Most XWB customers' endorse A350-800 rethink: Airbus |date= 29 April 2010 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/39most-xwb-customers39-endorse-a350-800-rethink-341140/ |publisher= Flightglobal}}
210. ^{{Cite news|last=Kingsley-Jones|first=Max|title=Airbus works to introduce lighter A350 structure with -800 variant |work=Flight International |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-works-to-introduce-lighter-a350-structure-wit-345593/ |date= 30 July 2010}}
211. ^{{cite web |title= TAP Portugal set to defect to A350-900 |date= 29 July 2011 |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tap-portugal-set-to-defect-to-a350-900-360139/ |publisher= Flightglobal}}
212. ^{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/farnborough-2014/airbus-formally-launches-a330neo-alc-first-customer |title= Airbus Formally Launches A330neo With ALC As First Customer |date= 14 July 2014 |publisher= Aviation Week}}
213. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/al-baker-expects-a350s-to-be-on-schedule-403757/ |title= Al Baker expects A350s to be on schedule |date= 17 September 2014 |publisher= Flightglobal}}
214. ^{{cite news |url= http://bloga350.blogspot.fr/2015/01/a350-800-only-2-customers-and-16-orders.html |title= A350-800 only 2 Customers and 16 orders left |work= A350 XWB News |date= 26 January 2015}}
215. ^{{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/airframes/aeroflot-cancels-eight-a350-800s |title= Aeroflot cancels eight A350-800s |date= 11 January 2017 |author= Polina Montag-Girmes |work= Air transport world |publisher= Aviation Week}}
216. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-in-talks-over-sole-remaining-a350-800-order-436477/ |title= Airbus in talks over sole remaining A350-800 order |date= 24 April 2017 |work= Flight Global |author= Dominic Perry}}
217. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/asiana-conversion-erases-last-a350-800-order-446620/ |title= Asiana conversion erases last A350-800 order |date= 8 March 2018 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}
218. ^--> Although its launch is not guaranteed, it would arrive from the middle of the following decade, after the A321XLR and a stretched A320neo "plus" competing with the Boeing New Midsize Airplane which may be launched in 2019. Service entry would be determined by ultra-high bypass ratio engine developments pursued by Pratt & Whitney, testing its Geared Turbofan upgrade; Safran Aircraft Engines, ground testing a demonstrator from 2021; and Rolls-Royce Plc, targeting a 2025 Ultrafan service entry. The production target is a monthly rate of 20 A350neos, up from 10.{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-21/airbus-reveals-plans-for-all-new-narrow-body-re-engined-a350 |title= Airbus Reveals Plans for All-New Narrow-Body, Re-Engined A350 |author= Benjamin D Katz |date= 21 Nov 2018 |agency= Bloomberg}}
219. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/air-caraibes-takes-delivery-of-its-first-a350-900-opening-up-a-new-era-in-air-transport-to-the-french-caribbean/ |title=Air Caraïbes takes delivery of its first A350-900, opening up a new era in air transport to the French Caribbean |work=airbus |access-date=2017-03-04}}
220. ^https://www.aero-mag.com/air-china-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a350-900/
221. ^https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2018/08/air-china-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a350-900.html
222. ^http://www.ecns.cn/business/2018-08-15/detail-ifyxccrz0964264.shtml
223. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272628/asiana-updates-a350-may-2017-operations/|title=Asiana updates A350 May 2017 operations|last=2017|first=UBM (UK) Ltd.|work=Routesonline|access-date=2017-08-13|language=en-GB}}
224. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cathay-to-take-first-a350-on-27-may-425394/|title=Cathay to take first A350 on 27 May|date=17 May 2016|publisher=}}
225. ^"Cathay Pacific Airways Becomes New A350 XWB Operator". aero-news.net, 1 June 2016.
226. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/268069/china-airlines-further-revises-w16-operations-a350-network-changes/ |title=China Airlines further revises W16 operations; A350 network changes |website=routesonline.com |access-date=1 November 2016}}
227. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2018/11/china-eastern-airlines-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a350-9.html/ |title=China Eastern Airlines takes delivery of its first Airbus A350-900 |website=airbus.com |access-date=30 November 2018}}
228. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.delta.com/delta-takes-delivery-first-flagship-airbus-a350-900|title=Delta announces first A350-900 flight|access-date=2017-09-20}}
229. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/716|title=Press Release Details - Ethiopian Airlines|website=www.ethiopianairlines.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-04}}
230. ^{{cite press release |url= http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/finnair-becomes-first-european-a350-xwb-operator/ |title= Finnair becomes first European A350 XWB operator |publisher= Airbus}}
231. ^{{cite web|url=https://worldairlinenews.com/2017/08/24/french-blue-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a350-900/|title=French Blue takes delivery of its first Airbus A350-900 |publisher= World Airline News}}
232. ^{{cite web|url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2018/10/16/hainan-airlines-puts-its-first-airbus-a350-900-into-service/|title=Hainan Airlines Puts its First Airbus A350-900 Into Service |publisher= AirlineGeeks}}
233. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hongkongairlines.com/en_HK/media/detail?id=10005540196_269|title=Hong Kong Airlines Celebrates Arrival of First A350 Aircraft and Opening of New VIP Lounge "Club Autus" Flying Full Speed Ahead Towards International|website=www.hongkongairlines.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-15}}
234. ^https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2018/06/iberia-takes-delivery-of-its-first-a350-900.html
235. ^https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/68506-spains-iberia-adds-maiden-a350-900
236. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-tam-operates-a350-on-first-revenue-flight-421248/|title=PICTURE: TAM operates A350 on first revenue flight|date=26 January 2016|publisher=}}
237. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lan.com/en_us/press-room/releases/tam-airlines-first-airbus-a350-wxb-lands-in-brazil/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126051305/http://www.lan.com/en_us/press-room/releases/tam-airlines-first-airbus-a350-wxb-lands-in-brazil/ |archivedate=26 January 2016 }}
238. ^{{cite web|url=https://airwaysmag.com/airlines/photos-lufthansa-a350-900-begins-long-distance-flights/ |title=LUFTHANSA A350-900 BEGINS LONG DISTANCE FLIGHTS (PHOTOS)}}
239. ^{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/MAS/status/939068254340841473|title=First Airbus A350 for Malaysia Airlines started regional operations|publisher=Malaysia Airlines press realizes on Twitter}}
240. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/03/28/1800900/pal-taking-delivery-1st-a350-900-jet|title=PAL taking delivery of 1st A350-900 jet {{!}} Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|access-date=2018-07-14}}
241. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ausbt.com.au/qatar-s-airbus-a350-set-for-early-delivery|title=First Airbus A350 for Qatar to fly December 22|publisher=}}
242. ^https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/69775-chinas-sichuan-airlines-takes-delivery-of-maiden-a350-900
243. ^Singapore Airlines Outlines A350-900XWB Operations from March 2016{{Better source|reason=Routesonline my be regarded as a blog-style site|date=March 2016}}
244. ^{{cite web |url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2016/09/thai-airways-joins-a350-club/ |title=Thai Airways joins A350 club |date=1 September 2016 |website= australianaviation.com.au |publisher=Australian Aviation |access-date=5 September 2016}}
245. ^{{cite press release |url= http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/vietnam-airlines-becomes-worlds-second-operator-of-the-a350-xwb/ |title= Vietnam Airlines becomes world’s second operator of the A350 XWB |publisher= Airbus}}
246. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/techdata/aircraft_characteristics/Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-AC-A350-900-1000.pdf |title= A350 aircraft characteristics |date= 1 June 2018 |publisher= Airbus}}
247. ^{{cite web |url= http://bloga350.blogspot.fr/2015/02/airbus-announces-18-additional-seats.html |title= Airbus announces 18 additional seats for A350-1000 |publisher= A350 XWB News |date= 3 February 2015}}
248. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a350xwbfamily/technology-and-innovation/ |title= A350 XWB / Technology |publisher= Airbus |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131129074833/http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a350xwbfamily/technology-and-innovation/ |archivedate= 29 November 2013 |df= dmy-all }}
249. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-test-airbus-a350-1000-takes-growth-in-its-st-449603/ |title= Flight Test: Airbus A350-1000 takes growth in its stride |date= 6 July 2018 |author= Mike Gerzanics}}
250. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/aircraft/passenger-aircraft/a350xwb-family/a350-900.html#details |title= A350-900 specs |publisher= Airbus}}
251. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/aircraft/passenger-aircraft/a350xwb-family/a350-1000.html#details |title= A350-1000 specs |publisher= Airbus }}
252. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.runwaygirlnetwork.com/2015/06/19/airbus-works-to-make-10-abreast-a350-a-slice-more-comfortable/ |title= Airbus works to make 10-abreast A350 a smidge more comfortable |date= 2015-06-19 |publisher= Runway Girl Network }}
253. ^{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/aviation-week-space-technology/aviation-week-flies-airbus-biggest-twin-engine-a350-1000 |title= Aviation Week Flies Airbus’ Biggest Twin-Engine—A350-1000 |date= 6 July 2018 |author= Tim Wuerfel |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}
254. ^{{cite news|last=Kingsley-Jones |first=Max |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/06/10/224578/a350-weight-growth-will-result-in-1-fuel-penalty-airbus.html |title=A350 weight growth will result in 1% fuel penalty: Airbus |work=Flight International |date=10 June 2008 |accessdate=24 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131185615/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/06/10/224578/a350-weight-growth-will-result-in-1-fuel-penalty-airbus.html |archivedate=31 January 2009 |df=dmy}}
255. ^1 {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/singapore-airshow-2018/airbus-debuts-a350-1000-singapore-airshow |title= Airbus Debuts A350-1000 at Singapore Airshow |date=5 February 2018 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week Network}}
256. ^1 {{cite press release |url= http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/airbus-launches-new-ultra-long-range-version-of-the-a350-900/ |title= Airbus launches new Ultra-Long Range version of the A350-900 |publisher= Airbus |date= 13 October 2015}}
257. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/a350-900ulr-range-figure-not-a-revision-airbus-437060/ |title= A350-900ULR range figure not a revision: Airbus |date= 10 May 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global}}
258. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/corporate/acj-family/acj350/ |title= ACJ350 Technical data |publisher= Airbus |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170119080038/http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/corporate/acj-family/acj350/ |archivedate= 19 January 2017 |df= dmy-all }}
259. ^{{cite web|title=DOC 8643 – Aircraft Type Designators|url=http://www.icao.int/publications/DOC8643/Pages/default.aspx|website=icao.int|accessdate=10 July 2015}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Gunston |first=Bill |authorlink=Bill Gunston |title=Airbus: The Complete Story |year=2009 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |publisher=Haynes Publishing |isbn=978-1-84425-585-6 |ref={{harvid|Gunston|2009}}}}

External links

{{Commons and category|Airbus A350|Airbus A350}}{{external media |topic=Airbus A350 XWB Cutaway |width= |align=right
|image1= Airbus A350 XWB Cutaway from Flightglobal.com}}
  • {{official|https://www.airbus.com/aircraft/passenger-aircraft/a350xwb-family.html}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/presskits/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=42447 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123929/http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/presskits/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=42447 |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 2015-09-05 |title= A350 XWB Milestones 2006-2014 |publisher= Airbus }}
  • {{cite web |url= https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/Backgrounder-Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-A350-XWB-Facts-and-Figures-EN.pdf |title= A350 XWB Facts & Figures |date= June 2018 |publisher= Airbus}}
  • {{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/topics/aircraft-types/airbus/a350/ |title= Latest news, data, analysis and insight into the Airbus A350 programme |work= FlightGlobal}}
  • {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/blog/first-look-inside-airbus-a350 |title= First Look: Inside the Airbus A350 |work= Aviation Week |date= 21 March 2014 |author= Rupa Haria |department= Things With Wings}}
  • {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/flying-a350-airbus-s-most-technologically-advanced-airliner|title= Flying The A350: Airbus’s Most Technologically Advanced Airliner |date= 22 May 2015 |author= Fred George |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}
  • {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/airbus-a350-s-enhanced-modular-avionics |title= Airbus A350's Enhanced, Modular Avionics |date= 22 May 2015 |author= Fred George |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}
  • {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/a350-s-rolls-royce-trent-xwbs |title= A350's Rolls-Royce Trent XWBs |date= 22 May 2015 |author= Fred George |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}
  • {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/video/lets-go-flying-airbus-a350 |title= Let's Go Flying: Airbus A350 |date= 22 May 2015 |author= Fred George |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}
  • {{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-test-airbus-a350-1000-takes-growth-in-its-st-449603/ |title= Flight Test: Airbus A350-1000 takes growth in its stride |date= 6 July 2018 |author= Mike Gerzanics}}
  • {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/aviation-week-space-technology/aviation-week-flies-airbus-biggest-twin-engine-a350-1000 |title= Aviation Week Flies Airbus’ Biggest Twin-Engine—A350-1000 |date= 6 July 2018 |author= Tim Wuerfel |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}
{{Airbus A3xx timeline}}{{Airbus aircraft}}

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