| 词条 | Air Force Space Surveillance System |
| 释义 |
The AN/FPS-133 Air Force Space Surveillance System, colloquially known as the Space Fence, was a U.S. government multistatic radar system built to detect orbital objects passing over America. It is a component of the US space surveillance network, and according to the US Navy was able to detect basketball sized ({{convert|29.5|in|cm}}) objects at heights up to 30,000 km (15,000 nautical miles.)[1] The system ceased operation in September 2013. Plans for a new space fence are underway with sites at the Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, along with an option for another radar site in Western Australia.[2] The operation's headquarters were at Dahlgren, Virginia, and radar stations were spread out across the continental United States at roughly the level of the 33rd parallel north. DescriptionThere were three transmitter sites in the system:[3]
The master transmitter at Lake Kickapoo was said to be the most powerful continuous wave (CW) station in the world, at 768 kW radiated power on 216.97927 MHz. When the system became operational in 1961, the original frequency was 108.50 MHz (just above the FM broadcast band). In 1965 the "Fence" system was modernized with the operating frequency doubled to 216.98 MHz (just above Channel 13 in the VHF TV broadcast band) to obtain higher resolution and to locate smaller objects. This frequency was used until the Fence was decommissioned in 2013. Fill-in transmitter sites at Gila River and Jordan Lake used offset frequencies listed above from the early 1990s to 2013 to help better detect which transmitter "illuminated" an object in space, as multiple transmitters could have illuminated the same object at the same time. Overhead imagery (see coordinates given above) of the Gila River and Jordan Lake sites shows the original design at the lower frequency. There were six receiving stations:[3]
The following receiving stations were placed in cold storage in April 2013:
The receiving stations at Elephant Butte and Hawkinsville were considered to be "High Altitude" stations with longer and more complex antenna systems that are designed to see targets at higher altitudes than the other four receiving stations. HistoryAuthor Curtis Peebles notes that the original "Space Fence" or Space Surveillance System began operations in 1959.[4] The system predated the formation of NORAD and was known as the U.S. Navy Space Surveillance System (or SPASUR or NAVSPASUR).[5] From 1960 until the early 1990s the system was used in conjunction with a network of Baker-Nunn cameras that could see "an object the size of a basketball at 25,000 miles."[4][6] The system was formerly operated by the U.S. Navy for NORAD from 1961 until October 2004. Initially independent as NAVSPASUR, it was ran by Naval Space Command from 1993, and finally by Naval Network and Space Operations Command from 2002 until command was passed to the Air Force 20th Space Control Squadron on October 1, 2004.[1] In 2009, the operations and maintenance contract for the day-to-day management and operation of the Fence was awarded to Five Rivers Services, LLC, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. On September 30, 2011, Five Rivers Services was awarded a $7,022,503 firm fixed price with cost reimbursable line items contract modification to manage, operate, maintain, and logistically support the nine Air Force Space Surveillance System field stations, presumably for Fiscal Year 2012.[7] Plans for system upgrade: 2009 — 2012The 850th Electronic Systems Group, Electronic Systems Center awarded 3 $30-million contracts to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and Raytheon on 11 June 2009.[8] A new Space Fence is envisioned to be a system of two or three S-band ground-based radars designed to perform uncued detection, tracking and accurate measurement of orbiting space objects. The Space Fence is intended to replace the Air Force Space Surveillance System, or VHF Fence, that was transferred from the Navy to the Air Force in 2004. The shorter wavelength of the S-band Space Fence allows for detection of much smaller satellites and debris.[8] The February 10, 2009, collision of a US Iridium communications satellite (Iridium 33) and a Russian Cosmos 2251 communications satellite, which added hundreds more pieces of debris to the atmosphere, highlighted the need for more precise tracking of space objects.[9] Data collected from a new Space Fence's sensors would potentially feed into the Joint Space Operations Center Mission System, which is used to track objects orbiting the Earth, monitor space weather and assess foreign launches. Used by operators at the 614th Air and Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., the 614 AOC's 24-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week support provides vigilance of global and theater operations and equips the Joint Functional Component Command for space operations with the tools to conduct command and control of space forces.[8] Plans to award the final contract had been stalled by U.S. budget sequestration in early 2013[10] and the AFSSS system was scheduled to be discontinued in October 2013 due to budget cuts.[11] 2013 ShutdownOn August 1, 2013, General William L. Shelton, commander of Air Force Space Command, directed that the Air Force Space Surveillance System (AFSSS) be closed and all sites vacated effective October 1, 2013.[12] The main advantage of the system was its ability to provide uncued data on new objects as opposed to tracking objects based on existing information. However, the system was also said to be inherently inaccurate due to its dated design. Alternate operating modes for radars at Cavalier AFS and Eglin AFB were devised to fulfill the mission to provide uncued data for new objects. Shelton also noted the confusion between the planned new S-band space fence and the old UHF AFSSS, which was commonly called the "space fence".[13] The AFSSS was turned off September first.[14] "It appears they pulled the plug at 00:00 UT (6 am Local MDT) on September 1st," reports engineer Stan Nelson, who was monitoring the radar using an antenna in Roswell. The radar's final echoes came from a Russian satellite and a sporadic meteor."[15] The shutdown only affects the original Space Fence, not the new one contracted to be built by Lockheed Martin for deployment in Australia and the Marshall Islands.[16] New space fencePlans for new space fence are underway with sites at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands and an option for another radar site in Western Australia. In 2014 Lockheed Martin won a contract to build a new S band space fence system.[2] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite news |first= Gary R. |last= Wagner |newspaper= Navy newsstand |url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=15597 |title= Navy Transfers Space Surveillance Mission to Air Force |date= October 24, 2004 |accessdate= September 13, 2014}} 2. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1406/02spacefence/ |title=Lockheed Martin wins contract for Space Fence |author=Stephen Clark |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=2 June 2014 |accessdate=3 June 2014}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?TITLE=47&PART=2&SECTION=106&TYPE=TEXT |title= 47CFR§2.106 Footnote US229 |website= Access GPO.gov|accessdate= May 24, 2006}} 4. ^1 {{cite book | author=Curtis Peebles| title=High Frontier: The U.S. Air Force and the Military Space Program| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMgdYypcPc8C&pg=PA39| date=1 June 1997| publisher=DIANE Publishing| isbn=978-0-7881-4800-2| pages=39–}} 5. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/spasur_at.htm |title= US Naval Space Command Space Surveillance System |website= Federation of American Scientists |accessdate= September 13, 2014}} 6. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19770323&id=CdFSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IX8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5578,5712257 |title= Hill AFB Repairs Cameras that Spy on Satellites |newspaper= The Deseret News |date= March 23, 1977 |page= 2D |accessdate= September 13, 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.defense.gov/contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=4634 |title= Contracts, Defense Logistics Agency, No: 838-11 |website= Defense.gov |date= September 30, 2011 |accessdate= September 13, 2014}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news |newspaper= USAF News |url= http://www.hanscom.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123161236 |title= Space Fence program awards contracts for concept development |first= Monica D. |last= Morales |date= July 30, 2009 |accessdate= September 13, 2014 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060635/http://www.hanscom.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123161236 |archivedate= March 4, 2016 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite news |newspaper= Aviation Week |title= Orbital Collision was the Worst Ever |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/orbital-collision-was-worst-ever |date= February 11, 2009 }} (article behind paywall) 10. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/07/17/budget-cuts-threaten-the-air-forces-new-space-fence/ |title= Budget Cuts Threaten The Air Force's New 'Space Fence' |website= Forbes.com |first= David M. |last= Ewalt |date= July 17, 2013 |accessdate= September 13, 2014 }} 11. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/466832/air-force-space-command-to-discontinue-space-surveillance-system.aspx |title= Air Force Space Command to discontinue space surveillance system |newspaper= US Air Force News |date= August 13, 2013 |accessdate= September 13, 2014 }} 12. ^{{cite news |title=Shelton Orders Shutdown of Space Fence |first=Mike |last=Gruss |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/36655shelton-orders-shutdown-of-space-fence |newspaper=spacenews.com |date=6 August 2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}} 13. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/466832/air-force-space-command-to-discontinue-space-surveillance-system.aspx |title= Air Force Space Command to discontinue space surveillance system |date= August 13, 2013 |accessdate= September 13, 2014}} 14. ^{{cite news |title=Technology: US "Space Fence" Shut Down |url=http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter?issue=2013-09-05#toc06 |newspaper=American Radio Relay League Newsletter |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=Space Fence Discontinued |url=http://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=01&month=09&year=2013 |newspaper=spaceweather.com |date=1 September 2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}} 16. ^{{Cite web | url = http://www.lockheedmartin.com.au/au/what-we-do/space-systems/space-fence.html | title = Space Debris & Space Fence - Tracking Space Debris |website= Lockheed-Martin.com.au |accessdate= September 13, 2014 }} External links{{refbegin}}
3 : Radar networks|Radars of the United States Air Force|United States Space Surveillance Network |
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