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词条 Gwangju
释义

  1. History

  2. Administrative divisions

  3. Religion

  4. Population

  5. Climate

  6. Education

  7. Transportation

  8. Tourism

  9. Sport and culture

  10. Cityscape

  11. International relations

     Twin towns – Sister cities  Partnerships and cooperations 

  12. Notable people

     Literature  Entertainers 

  13. See also

  14. Notes

  15. References

     Citations  Bibliography 

  16. External links

{{About|Gwangju Metropolitan City|the smaller city of the same name in Hangul and English near Seoul|Gwangju, Gyeonggi}}{{redirect|Kwangju|one of its sister cities which has a similar Chinese pronunciation|Guangzhou}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = {{raise|0.1em|Gwangju}}
| official_name = Gwangju Metropolitan City
{{lang|ko-Hang|광주광역시}}
| native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{lang|ko-Hang|광주시}}}}
| settlement_type = Metropolitan City
| translit_lang1 =  
| image_skyline = File:Gwangju20131106.png
| imagesize = 290px
| image_caption = Downtown Gwangju from city hall
| image_flag = Gwangju Flag Big.png
| image_blank_emblem = Seal of Gwangju.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Slogan of Gwangju
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=9}}
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = #South Korea#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief = 1
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|South Korea}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = Honam
| parts_type = Districts
| parts = 5
| government_type = Mayor–Council
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Lee Yong-seop {{small|(Democratic)}}
| leader_title1 = Body
| leader_name1 = Gwangju Metropolitan Council
| area_total_km2 = 501.24
| population_total = 1,477,780
| population_as_of = October, 2014[1]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = Dialect
| population_blank1 = Jeolla
| iso_code = KR-29
|blank_name_sec2 = GDP
|blank_info_sec2 = US$ 36.7 billion [2]
|blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita
|blank1_info_sec2 = US$24,520 [2]
| website = gwangju.go.kr
| translit_lang1_type1 = Hangul
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ko-Hang|{{linktext|광주}}{{linktext|광|역|시}}}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = Hanja
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|ko-Hant|{{linktext|光|州|廣|域|市}}}}
| translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|Revised Romanization}}
| translit_lang1_info3 = {{nowrap|Gwangju-gwangyeoksi}}
| translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|McCune-Reischauer}}
| translit_lang1_info4 = {{nowrap|Kwangju-kwangyŏksi}}
| blank_name = Flower
| blank_info = Royal Azalea
| blank1_name = Tree
| blank1_info = Ginkgo
| blank2_name = Bird
| blank2_info = Dove
}}

Gwangju{{efn|In the 19th century, Gwangju was also known in English sources as Tsien-tsiou.{{sfnp|EB|1878|p=390}}}} ({{IPA-ko|kwaŋ.dʑu}}) is the sixth-largest city in South Korea. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005.

Its name is composed of the words Gwang ({{Korean |hangul={{linktext|광}} |hanja={{linktext|光}}}}) meaning "light" and Ju ({{Korean |labels=no |hangul={{linktext|주}} |hanja={{linktext|州}}}}) meaning "province." Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju ({{Korean |labels=no |hangul=무주 |hanja=武州}}), in which "Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju, Ungju, Jeonju, Muju and various counties, plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla" in the Samguk Sagi.[3] In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine.

History

The city was established in 57 BC. It was one of the administrative centres of Baekje during the Three Kingdoms Period.[4]

In 1929, during the period of Imperial Japanese rule, a confrontation between Korean and Japanese students in the city turned into a regional demonstration, which culminated in one of the major nationwide uprisings against Imperial Japanese cruelty during the colonial period.

Modern industry was established in Gwangju with the construction of a railway to Seoul. Some of the industries that took hold include cotton textiles, rice mills and breweries. Construction of a designated industrial zone in 1967 encouraged growth in industry, especially in the sectors linked to the automobile industry.

In May 1980, peaceful demonstrations took place in Gwangju against Chun Doo-hwan, leader of the military coup d'état of December 12, 1979. The demonstrations were suppressed by military forces, including elite units of the Special Operations Command. The situation escalated after a violent crackdown, resulting in the Gwangju Uprising, where civilians raided armories and armed themselves. By the time the uprising was suppressed 9 days later, many hundreds of civilians and several police forces / soldiers were dead. After civilian rule was reinstated in 1987, a national cemetery was established, honouring the victims of the incident.[5]

In 1986, Gwangju separated from Jeollanam-do to become a Directly Governed City (Jikhalsi), and then became a Metropolitan City (Gwangyeoksi) in 1995.[4]

Due to a variety of factors, including the ancient rivalry between Baekje and Silla, as well as the biased priority given to the Gyeongsang region by political leaders in the 2nd half of the 20th century, Gwangju has a long history of voting for left-leaning politicians and is the main stronghold for the liberal Democratic Party of Korea along with its predecessors, as well as the progressive Justice Party.

Administrative divisions

{{Main|List of districts of Gwangju}}

Gwangju is divided into 5 districts ("Gu").

Map NameKoreanHanja

Districts
Buk Districtko-Hang|{{linktext|북|구}}}}ko-Hant|{{linktext|北區}}}}
Dong Districtko-Hang|{{linktext|동|구}}}}ko-Hant|{{linktext|東區}}}}
Gwangsan Districtko-Hang|{{linktext|광|산}}구}}ko-Hant|{{linktext|光|山|區}}}}
Nam Districtko-Hang|{{linktext|남|구}}}}ko-Hant|{{linktext|南區}}}}
Seo Districtko-Hang|{{linktext|서|구}}}}ko-Hant|{{linktext|西區}}}}

Religion

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Gwangju (2005)[6]
|label1 = Not religious
|value1 = 53
|color1 = Gray
|label2 = Protestantism
|value2 = 20
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Buddhism
|value3 = 14
|color3 = Gold
|label4 = Catholicism
|value4 = 13
|color4 = DarkOrchid
}}

According to the census of 2005, of the people of Gwangju 33% follow Christianity (20% Protestantism and 13% Catholicism) and 14% follow Buddhism.[6] 53% of the population is mostly not religious or follow Muism and other indigenous religions.

Population

The population model of Gwangju is as follows;[7]

YearPopulation
1960  409,283
1966  532,235
1970  622,755
1975  737,283
1980  856,545
19851,042,508
19901,139,003
19951,257,636
20001,352,797
20051,417,716
20101,475,745
20161,500,621

Climate

{{Weather box
|location = Gwangju (1981–2010, extremes 1938–present)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 18.8
| Feb record high C = 21.1
| Mar record high C = 26.8
| Apr record high C = 29.1
| May record high C = 33.9
| Jun record high C = 36.7
| Jul record high C = 38.5
| Aug record high C = 38.5
| Sep record high C = 34.4
| Oct record high C = 31.1
| Nov record high C = 27.1
| Dec record high C = 19.7
| year record high C = 38.5
|Jan high C = 5.3
|Feb high C = 7.8
|Mar high C = 13.0
|Apr high C = 19.6
|May high C = 24.3
|Jun high C = 27.5
|Jul high C = 29.6
|Aug high C = 30.7
|Sep high C = 26.9
|Oct high C = 21.8
|Nov high C = 14.6
|Dec high C = 8.1
|year high C = 19.1
|Jan mean C = 0.6
|Feb mean C = 2.5
|Mar mean C = 7.0
|Apr mean C = 13.2
|May mean C = 18.3
|Jun mean C = 22.4
|Jul mean C = 25.6
|Aug mean C = 26.2
|Sep mean C = 21.9
|Oct mean C = 15.8
|Nov mean C = 9.1
|Dec mean C = 3.1
|year mean C = 13.8
|Jan low C = -3.1
|Feb low C = -1.8
|Mar low C = 2.1
|Apr low C = 7.5
|May low C = 13.0
|Jun low C = 18.2
|Jul low C = 22.5
|Aug low C = 22.8
|Sep low C = 17.8
|Oct low C = 10.9
|Nov low C = 4.5
|Dec low C = -0.9
|year low C = 9.5
| Jan record low C = -19.4
| Feb record low C = -17.7
| Mar record low C = -10.7
| Apr record low C = -4.5
| May record low C = 1.4
| Jun record low C = 7.2
| Jul record low C = 14.9
| Aug record low C = 12.6
| Sep record low C = 5.6
| Oct record low C = -2.7
| Nov record low C = -7.2
| Dec record low C = -13.7
| year record low C = -19.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 37.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 47.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 60.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 80.7
|May precipitation mm = 96.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 181.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 308.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 297.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 150.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 46.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 48.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 33.5
|year precipitation mm = 1391.0
|Jan humidity = 67.7
|Feb humidity = 65.2
|Mar humidity = 62.9
|Apr humidity = 61.9
|May humidity = 66.4
|Jun humidity = 72.8
|Jul humidity = 80.0
|Aug humidity = 78.1
|Sep humidity = 74.3
|Oct humidity = 68.4
|Nov humidity = 68.1
|Dec humidity = 68.8
|year humidity = 69.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 11.0
|Feb precipitation days= 9.0
|Mar precipitation days= 9.5
|Apr precipitation days= 8.9
|May precipitation days= 9.3
|Jun precipitation days= 10.7
|Jul precipitation days= 15.5
|Aug precipitation days= 14.9
|Sep precipitation days= 9.8
|Oct precipitation days= 6.8
|Nov precipitation days= 9.0
|Dec precipitation days= 10.0
|year precipitation days =
| Jan snow days = 11.1
| Feb snow days = 7.1
| Mar snow days = 2.8
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 1.5
| Dec snow days = 8.1
| year snow days = 31.0
|Jan sun = 159.9
|Feb sun = 164.6
|Mar sun = 192.0
|Apr sun = 213.0
|May sun = 222.8
|Jun sun = 169.2
|Jul sun = 145.4
|Aug sun = 172.6
|Sep sun = 172.3
|Oct sun = 205.2
|Nov sun = 163.6
|Dec sun = 155.9
|year sun = 2136.3
|Jan percentsun = 51.1
|Feb percentsun = 53.4
|Mar percentsun = 51.8
|Apr percentsun = 54.3
|May percentsun = 51.3
|Jun percentsun = 39.0
|Jul percentsun = 32.9
|Aug percentsun = 41.4
|Sep percentsun = 46.3
|Oct percentsun = 58.5
|Nov percentsun = 52.7
|Dec percentsun = 51.1
|year percentsun = 48.0
|source = Korea Meteorological Administration[8][9][10] (percent sunshine and snowy days)[11]
|date = May 2011}}

Education

Chonnam National University, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, and Gwangju Education University are public universities in Gwangju.

Honam University, Gwangju University, Gwangshin University, Gwangju Women's University, Nambu University, Chosun University, and Honam Christian University are private universities.

Gwangju Health University is a private community college offering associate degrees in humanities and social sciences, healthcare sciences, and a bachelor's degree in nursing.

Gwangju has 593 schools, consisting of 234 kindergartens, 145 elementary schools, 84 middle schools, 65 high schools, 1 science high school,[12] 7 junior colleges, 9 universities, 38 graduate schools, and 11 others (as of 1 May 2009) with a total of 406,669 students, or 28.5% of the total city population. The average number of students per household is 0.8.

Transportation

The city is served by the Gwangju Subway. An extension was completed in April 2008 with another due for completion in 2012. There are two KTX (high-speed rail) stations in the city: Gwangju Station and Gwangju Songjeong Station. Gwangju Songjeong station connects to the Gwangju Subway and local bus system. Now the Songjeong station is mainly used.

Gwangju has an extensive system of public buses that traverse the city.[13] Bus stops and buses themselves contain stop information in Korean and in English. Local buses, but not the subway or KTX, connect to the intercity Gwangju Bus Terminal known as U-Square.[14]

Gwangju is also served by the Gwangju Airport.

Tourism

{{update|date=June 2015}}
  • Gwangju Asia Culture Center – The Asia Culture Center (also known as the ACC or Asian Culture Complex) is a facility in downtown Gwangju designed to celebrate and explore Gwangju's artistic and democratic culture and history as well as provide space to host exhibits, experiences, and events from international artists. It is built primarily below street level, though its design incorporates large amounts of natural lighting. There are five facilities: ACC Exchange, ACC Theater, ACC Creation, ACC Archive & Research, and ACC Children.[15]
  • Gwangju Biennale – This is a modern art festival that is held every two years. It was first launched in 1995. The Gwangju Biennale Exhibition Hall is at the Jung-oe Park Culture Center and the Science Center.
  • Gwangju Culture & Art Center – The Center regularly hosts events.Gwangju Culture & Art Center Official Website
  • Gwangju Hyanggyo (Confucian School) – Gwangju Hyanggyo is in the Gwangju Park in Sa-dong. There are traditional houses here estimated as built during the 1st year of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. This school continues to hold memorial ceremonies for Confucius twice a year. Admission is free. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063259/http://www.gwangjuguide.or.kr/2010/04/gwangju-hyanggyo/ More about Gwangju Hyanggyo]
  • Gwangju National Museum – The museum houses a permanent collection of historical art and cultural relics that date back to the old Joseon and Goryeo periods of Korean history. The museum also organizes exhibitions and cultural learning activities that are open to the public.
  • Gwangju 5.18Road – 5.18 Road is the course about the Democratisation Movement in 1980. The courses include the historical places. More about 5.18Road
  • May 18th National Cemetery
  • Food streets - Gwangju has numerous designated Food Streets where multiple restaurants serving dishes renowned to Gwangju can be found. These include Mudeungsan Boribap Street (a meal of barley with a variety of side dishes),[16] Duck Cook Street (oritang, a duck stew, and grilled duck),[17] Folk Tteokgalbi Street[18] (a meal of grilled minced pork or beef patties eaten wrapped in lettuce and served with ox bone soup and a variety of side dishes) and Kotgejang Baekban Street[19] (a meal of crabs preserved in soy sauce served with a variety of side dishes).

Sport and culture

  • It is the home of Kia Tigers of the Korea Professional Baseball League (KBO)
  • 2002 FIFA World Cup – Gwangju World Cup Stadium was one of the venues used for the World Cup, and was where the South Korea national football team advanced to the semi-finals for the first time in its history, by defeating Spain.
  • It is the home of Gwangju FC of the K League[20]
  • Universiade – It was the venue for the 2015 Summer Universiade games.
  • The 3rd Asia Song Festival, organised by Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, in 2006, was held at the Gwangju World Cup Stadium.[21]
  • The International Design Alliance (IDA) appointed Gwangju as the host destination of the 2015 IDA Congress.
  • Festivals are held in Gwangju (ko:광주광역시의 축제 목록)
  • 2019 FINA World Aquatics Championships
  • 2014 Gwangju ACE Fair (Asia Content & Entertainment Fair)[22]

Cityscape

  • Mudeungsan – It is a mountain which is a part of Mudeungsan National Park.[23]

International relations

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea}}

Twin towns – Sister cities

Gwangju is twinned with:[24]

  • {{flagdeco|US}} San Antonio, United States (1982)[25]
  • {{flagdeco|PRC}} Guangzhou, China (1996)[26]
  • {{flagdeco|IDN}} Medan, Indonesia (1997)[27]
  • {{flagdeco|JPN}} Sendai, Japan (2002)
  • {{flagdeco|MYS}} Seberang Perai, Malaysia (2013)[28]

Partnerships and cooperations

Other forms of partnership and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes exist:

  • {{flagdeco|ITA}} Turin, Italy[29]

Notable people

Literature

  • Han Kang – Author of The Vegetarian and Human Acts

Entertainers

  • Lee Seung-hyun (stage name Seungri) – member of K-pop group Big Bang
  • Jung Ho-seok (stage name J-Hope) – member of K-pop group BTS
  • Jung Yunho (stage name U-Know) – member of K-pop group 東方神起 (TVXQ) / Tohoshinki / 동방신기 (Dong Bang Shin Ki)
  • Seo Hye-lin (stage name Hyerin) – member of K-pop group EXID
  • Lee Sung-jong – member of K-pop group Infinite
  • Lee Min-hyuk – member of K-pop group Monsta X
  • Chae Hyungwon - member of K-pop group Monsta X
  • Im Changkyun - member of K-pop group Monsta X
  • Bae Suzy – member of K-pop group Miss A
  • Minzy (birth name Gong, Min-ji) – member of K-pop group 2NE1
  • Kim Yu-bin – member of Wonder Girls
  • Jung So-yeon – member of K-pop group Laboum
  • Hong Jin-young – a trot singer
  • Park Shin-hye - South Korean actress The Doctors

See also

  • Gwangju Castle
  • List of Korea-related topics
  • List of cities in South Korea

Notes

{{Noteslist}}

References

Citations

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035927/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month |archivedate=29 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|archivedate=4 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gwangju.go.kr/contentsView.do?menuId=gwangju0505020000|title=Origin and History of Gwangju|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gwangju.go.kr|language=ko|access-date=2018-04-18}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://eng.gwangju.go.kr/contentsView.do?menuId=gjeng0102020000|title=The History of Gwangju|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://eng.gwangju.go.kr/contentsView.do?menuId=gjeng0102030000|title=May 18th Democratic Uprising|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
6. ^1 2005 Census – Religion Results {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=4 September 2015 }}
7. ^National Statistical Office of South Korea
8. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&stn=156&norm=M&x=36&y=8&obs=0&mm=5&dd=28| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration| accessdate = 10 January 2017|script-title=ko:평년값자료(1981–2010) 광주(156) | language = Korean}}
9. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/extreme_daily.jsp?type=max_temp&mm=13&x=18&y=9|script-title=ko:기후자료 극값(최대값) 전체년도 일최고기온 (℃) 최고순위, 광주(156)| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration | accessdate = 10 January 2017| language = Korean}}
10. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/extreme_daily.jsp?type=min_temp&mm=13&x=25&y=5|script-title=ko:기후자료 극값(최대값) 전체년도 일최저기온 (℃) 최고순위, 광주(156)| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration | accessdate = 10 January 2017| language = Korean}}
11. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161207185450/http://www.kma.go.kr/down/Climatological_2010.pdf| archivedate = 7 December 2016| url = http://www.kma.go.kr/down/Climatological_2010.pdf| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration| accessdate = 10 January 2017| title = Climatological Normals of Korea| date = 2011| page = 499 and 649}}
12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160813124224/http://www.gsa.hs.kr/ Gwangju science academy]
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://bus.gjcity.net/busmap/lineSearch |script-title=ko:광주광역시 버스정보|website=bus.gjcity.net|access-date=2016-07-29}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1123857 |script-title=ko:U-Square (Gwangju Bus Terminal) (유스퀘어(광주종합버스터미널)) {{!}} Official Korea Tourism Organization|website=english.visitkorea.or.kr|access-date=2016-07-29}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.acc.go.kr/en|title=Asia Culture Center|website=www.acc.go.kr|access-date=2016-07-29}}
16. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160910054814/http://utour.gwangju.go.kr/contents.do?S=S02&M=041101000000
17. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160807071139/http://utour.gwangju.go.kr/contents.do?S=S02&M=041102000000
18. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160807034556/http://utour.gwangju.go.kr/contents.do?S=S02&M=041103000000
19. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160807012127/http://utour.gwangju.go.kr/contents.do?S=S02&M=041104000000
20. ^{{ko icon}} K-League news 4강 역사를 쓴 그곳, 광주 월드컵 경기장 Dream stadium of K-League {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216183643/http://new.kleaguei.com/fan/ground/view.aspx?u=12179 |date=16 February 2009 }}
21. ^KOFICE 3rd Asia Song Festival {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829235704/http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2006y.asp |date=29 August 2011 }} 22 September 2006. Retrieved 2011-10-12
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.acefair.or.kr/ |script-title=ko:2016 광주 ACE Fair|website=www.acefair.or.kr|access-date=2016-04-25}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://english.knps.or.kr/|title=Korea National Park|website=english.knps.or.kr|access-date=2016-04-25}}
24. ^Gwangju Sister Cities {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704000717/http://eng.gwangju.go.kr/contents.do?S=S02&M=040311000000 |date=4 July 2014 }}
25. ^Sister Cities Program. Sainternationalrelations.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-11.
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx|title=Guangzhou Sister Cities[via WaybackMachine.com]|publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office|archivedate=24 October 2012|accessdate=2013-07-21}}
27. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025117/http://pemkomedan.go.id/news_detail.php?id=106 http://www.pemkomedan.go.id/news_detail.php?id=106 Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat] Retrieved September 10, 2013 Archived 23 April 2007
28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/01/mpsp-sets-sights-on-city-status-we-hope-to-achieve-this-by-2024-says-council-president/|title=MPSP sets sights on city status|last=|first=|date=1 August 2016|work=The Star|access-date=}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml|title=International Affairs – Twinnings and Agreements|accessdate=2013-08-06|last=Pessotto|first=Lorenzo|work=International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico|publisher=City of Torino|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618182559/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml|archivedate=2013-06-18}}

Bibliography

  • {{citation |first=Hugh Alexander |last=Webster |display-authors=0 |contribution=Corea |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VI |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |date=1878 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |pp=390–394 }}.

External links

{{Commons category|Gwangju}}{{wikivoyage|Gwangju}}
  • Official website of Gwangju
  • Gwangju :Official Site of Korea Tourism Org
{{Gwangju}}{{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}}{{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}}{{Most populous cities in South Korea}}{{Largest cities of South Korea}}{{Coord|35|10|N|126|55|E|region:KR-29_type:city(1,400,000)|display=title}}{{Authority control}}

4 : Gwangju|50s BC establishments|57 BC|Special Cities and Metropolitan Cities of South Korea
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