| 词条 | Hannes Meyer |
| 释义 |
Hans Emil "Hannes" Meyer (November 18, 1889 – July 19, 1954) was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus (in Dessau) from 1928 to 1930. Early lifeMeyer was born in Basel, Switzerland, trained as a mason, and practiced as an architect in Switzerland, Belgium, and Germany, serving briefly as a department manager at the Krupp works in Essen from 1916 until 1918.[1] Early workIn Zurich during 1923 Meyer co-initiated the architectural magazine 'ABC Beiträge zum Bauen' (Contributions on Building) with Hans Schmidt, Mart Stam, and the Suprematist Russian El Lissitzky. Meyer's design philosophy is represented by the quote following:
During 1926 Meyer established a company with Hans Wittwer and produced his two most famous designs, for the Basel Petersschule (1926) and for the Geneva League of Nations Building (1926/1927).[1] Both projects are strict, inventive, and rely on the new possibilities of structural steel. Neither was built. The Petersschule was designed to be a new primary school for girls, such that the school itself would be raised as high above the ground as possible to allow for sunlight and fresh air.[3] BauhausWalter Gropius appointed Meyer director of the Bauhaus architecture department when it was finally established during April 1927, though Mart Stam had been Gropius's first choice. Meyer brought his radical functionalist philosophy which he named, during 1929, Die neue Baulehre (the new way to build).[4] His philosophy was that architecture was an organizational task without relationship to aesthetics, that buildings should be low cost and designed to fulfill social needs. He was dismissed for allegedly politicizing the school.{{Citation needed|reason=No citation for why he was fired or for any scholarly discussions of the firing|date=October 2017}} Meyer brought the two most significant building commissions for the school, both of which still exist: five apartment buildings in the city of Dessau known as Laubenganghäuser ("Houses with Balcony Access"). The apartments are considered to be 'real' Bauhaus buildings because they originated with the Bauhaus department of Architecture. The development bordered on the Törten housing estate [5] which was designed by Walter Gropius.[6] The other major building commission was the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School), in Bernau bei Berlin, which was completed during 1930. It was the second largest project ever undertaken by the Bauhaus, after the Bauhaus school buildings in Dessau.[7][8][9] The school operated for only three years until the Nazis confiscated it during 1933 for use as a management training school. The building now has historic protection status and it experienced an extensive restoration which was completed during 2007. The restoration project won the World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism prize during 2008. In July 2017 both the Laubenganghäuser and the ADGB Trade Union School were inscribed as part of the Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau World Heritage Site.[10] Walter Gropius appointed Meyer to replace him as the school's director on 1 April 1928.[11] Meyer continued with Gropius' innovations to emphasize designing prototypes for serial mass production and functionalist architecture. In the increasingly dangerous political era of the Weimar Republic, Dessau's Mayor Hesse alleged that Meyer allowed a Communist student organization to flourish and bring bad publicity to the school, threatening its survival. Mayor Hesse of Dessau dismissed him, with a monetary settlement, on August 1, 1930.[12] Meyer's open letter in a left-wing newspaper two weeks later characterizes the Bauhaus as "Incestuous theories (blocking) all access to healthy, life-oriented design... As head of the Bauhaus, I fought the Bauhaus style".[13] After BauhausIn the autumn of 1930, Meyer emigrated to the USSR along with several former Bauhaus students. He taught at WASI, a Soviet academy for architecture and civil engineering. During his years in the Soviet Union, he acted as an advisor for urban projects at Giprogor (the Soviet Institute for Urban and Investment Development) and created plans related to aspects of the redevelopment of Moscow as part of the first five-year plan. Outside of Moscow Meyer realised his ideas especially in the recently created Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the far east of the USSR. Mayer realized not only the buildings (such as worker's dormitory, theatre etc.), and their internal design and furnishings, but also developed the urbanist project for the area's capital, the city of Birobidzhan.[14] In 1936 Meyer relocated to Geneva for three years, then emigrated to Mexico City to work for the Mexican government as the director of the Instituto del Urbanismo y Planificación from 1939 through 1941. In 1942, he became the director of Estampa Mexicana, the publishing house of the Taller de Gráfica Popular (the Popular Graphic Arts Workshop). Meyer returned to Switzerland in 1949 and died in 1954. References1. ^1 Bauhaus, 1919-1933, by Magdalena Droste, Bauhaus-Archiv, page 248 2. ^Theo Van Leeuwen, "Introducing Social Semiotics", Routledge, 2004, p.71 3. ^Claude Schnaidt, Hannes Meyer: Buildings, projects, and writings (New York: Architecture Book Publishing, 1965). 4. ^Hannes Mayer, "bauhaus und gesellschaft" (1929), cf. Wilma Ruth Albrecht: "Moderne Vergangenheit - Vergangene Moderne" (Neue Politische Literatur, 30 [1985] 2, pp. 203-225, esp. pp. 210-214) 5. ^Bauhaus Dessau: Törten estate by Walter Gropius (Accessed: 27 October 2016) 6. ^Architectuul: Laubenganghäuser Dessau (2015) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118134710/http://architectuul.com/architecture/laubenganghaeuser-dessau |date=2012-11-18 }} (Accessed: 27 October 2016). 7. ^The Bauhaus building by Walter Gropius (1925-26) (Accessed: 21 October 2016) 8. ^Internat der Handwerkskammer Berlin in Bernau (Photos with German text) (Accessed: 21 October 2016). 9. ^Architectuul: ADGB trade union school (2013) (Accessed: 27 October 2016). 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/729 |title=Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=29 December 2018}} 11. ^[https://www.bauhaus100.de/en/past/people/directors/hannes-meyer/ Bauhaus100. Hannes Meyer] (Accessed: 6 February 2017) 12. ^Richard A. Etlin editor, Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich, page 291, {{ISBN|0-226-22087-7}}{{ISBN|978-0-226-22087-1}} On Meyer and the Communist students, see {{cite book|last1=Cimino|first1=Eric|title=Student Life at the Bauhaus, 1919-1933|publisher=M.A. Thesis, UMass-Boston, 2003, pp. 82-87|url=https://www.academia.edu/27783104/Student_Life_at_the_Bauhaus_1919-1933}} 13. ^Bauhaus, 1919-1933, by Magdalena Droste, Bauhaus-Archiv, page 199 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://thecharnelhouse.org/2013/05/30/hannes-meyer-and-the-red-bauhaus-brigade-in-the-soviet-union-1930-1937 |title=Hannes Meyer and the Red Bauhaus-Brigade in the Soviet Union (1930-1937) |publisher=thecharnelhouse.org |accessdate=2014-05-10}} Bibliography
External links
7 : 1889 births|1954 deaths|People from Basel-Stadt|Bauhaus teachers|Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members|Modernist architects|Swiss architects |
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