词条 | Car bomb |
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A car bomb, lorry bomb, or truck bomb, also known as a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED),[1] is an improvised explosive device placed inside a car or other vehicle and detonated. Car bombs can be roughly divided into two main categories; those used primarily to kill the occupants of the vehicle (often as an assassination); and those used as a means to kill, injure or damage people and buildings outside the vehicle. The latter type may be either parked (the vehicle disguising the bomb and allowing the bomber to get away), or the vehicle might be used to deliver the bomb (often as part of a suicide bombing). It is commonly used as a weapon of terrorism or guerrilla warfare to kill people near the blast site or to damage buildings or other property. Car bombs act as their own delivery mechanisms and can carry a relatively large amount of explosives without attracting suspicion; in larger vehicles and trucks, weights of around 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) or more have been used,[1] for example, in the Oklahoma City bombing. Car bombs are activated in a variety of ways, including opening the vehicle's doors, starting the engine, depressing the accelerator or brake pedals or simply lighting a fuse or setting a timing device.[2] The gasoline in the vehicle's fuel tank may make the explosion of the bomb more powerful by dispersing and igniting the fuel. As a delivery systemCar bombs are effective weapons as they are an easy way to transport a large amount of explosives to the intended target. A car bomb also produces copious shrapnel, or flying debris, and secondary damage to bystanders and buildings. In recent years, car bombs have become widely used by suicide bombers.[3][4][5] CountermeasuresDefending against a car bomb involves keeping vehicles at a distance from vulnerable targets by using roadblocks and checkpoints, Jersey barriers, concrete blocks or bollards, metal barriers, or by hardening buildings to withstand an explosion. Since the height of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) campaign in 1991, the entrance to Downing Street has been closed, preventing the general public from getting near Number 10. Where major public roads pass near buildings, road closures may be the only option (thus, for instance, in Washington, D.C. the portion of Pennsylvania Avenue immediately in front of the White House is closed to traffic). Historically these tactics have encouraged potential bombers to target "soft" or unprotected targets, such as markets.[6] Suicide usageIn the Syrian Civil War, and Iraq, the car bomb concept was modified so that it could be driven and detonated by a driver, but armoured to withstand incoming fire. The vehicle would be driven to its target area, in a similar fashion to a kamikaze plane of WW2. These were known by the acronym SVBIED (from Suicide Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device) or VBIEDs. This saw generally civilian cars with armour plating added, that would protect the car for as long as possible, so that it could reach its intended target. Cars were sometimes driven into enemy troop areas, or into incoming enemy columns. Most often, the SVIEDs were used by ISIS against Government forces, but also used by Syrian rebels (FSA and allied militias) against government troops.[7][8] The vehicles became more sophisticated as time went, with armour plating on the vehicle, protected vision slits, armour plating over the wheels so they would withstand being shot at, and also in some cases, additional metal grating over the front of the vehicle designed to activate rocket propelled grenades before hitting the actual surface of the vehicle.[9] In some cases trucks were also used, as well as cars. They were sometimes used to start an assault. Generally the vehicles had a large space that would contain very heavy explosives. In some cases, animal drawn carts with improvised explosive devices (ADCBIED) have been used, generally either mules or horses. Tactically, a single vehicle may be used, or an initial "breakthrough" vehicle, then followed by another vehicle.[10] While many car bombs are disguised as ordinary vehicles,[11] some that are used against military forces have improvised vehicle armour attached to prevent the driver from being shot when attacking a fortified outpost.[12] HistoryCar bombs can be seen as the remote descendants of the 16th century hellburners, explosive-loaded ships which were used to deadly effect by the besieged Dutch forces in Antwerp against the besieging Spanish. Though using a less refined technology, the basic principle of the hellburner is similar to that of the car bomb. The first possible suicide car bombing (and possibly the first suicide bombing) was the Bath School bombings of 1927, where 45, including the bomber, were killed and half of a school was blown up. Mass-casualty car bombing, and especially suicide car bombing, is currently a predominantly Middle Eastern phenomenon. The tactic was first introduced to the region by the Zionist paramilitary organization Lehi, who used it extensively against Palestinian and British military targets; it was subsequently taken up by Palestinian bombers as well.[13] The tactic was widely used in the Lebanese Civil War by the Islamic fundamentalist group Hezbollah. A notable suicide car bombing was the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, when two simultaneous attacks killed 241 U.S. Marines and 58 French military personnel. The perpetrator of these attacks has never been positively confirmed. In the Lebanese Civil War, an estimated 3,641 car bombs were detonated.[14] While not an adaptation of a vehicle meant to carry people, the WW2 German Goliath remote control tank, has many parallels with a VBIED. It approached a target (often another tank) at some speed, and then exploded, destroying itself and the target. It was armoured so that it couldn't be destroyed en route. However, it wasn't driven by a person, it was instead operated by remote control, by German infantry, from a safe distance. It was effectively, an armoured suicide drone. As a booby trapOperationCar bombs and detonators function in a diverse manner of ways and there are numerous variables in the operation and placement of the bomb within the vehicle. Earlier and less advanced car bombs were often wired to the car's ignition system, but this practice is now considered more laborious and less effective than other more recent methods, as it required a greater amount of work for a system that could often be quite easily defused. While it is more common nowadays for car bombs to be fixed magnetically to the underside of the car, underneath the passenger or driver's seat, or inside of the mudguard, detonators triggered by the opening of the vehicle door or by pressure applied to the brakes or accelerating pedals are also used.[2] Bombs operating by the former method of fixation to the underside of the car more often than not make use of a device called a tilt fuse. A small tube made of glass or plastic, the tilt fuse is not dissimilar to a mercury switch or medical tablet tube. One end of the fuse will be filled with mercury, while the other open end is wired with the ends of an open circuit to an electrical firing system. Naturally, when the tilt fuse moves or is jerked, the supply of mercury will flow to the top of the tube and close the circuit. Thus, as the vehicle goes through the regular bumping and dipping that comes with driving over a terrain, the circuit is completed and the bomb or explosive is allowed to function.[2] As a safety mechanism to protect the bomber, the placer of the bomb may rig a timing device incorporated with the circuit to activate the circuit only after a certain time period, therefore ensuring the bomber will not accidentally activate the bomb before he or she is able to get clear of the blast radius.[2] HistoryPrior to the 20th century, bombs planted in horse carts had been used in assassination plots, notably in the unsuccessful "machine infernale" attempt to kill Napoleon on 24 December 1800. The first car bomb may have been the one used for the assassination attempt on Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1905 in Istanbul by Armenian separatists, in the command of Papken Siuni belonging to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Car bombing was a significant part of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) campaign during The Troubles in Northern Ireland. Dáithí Ó Conaill is credited with introducing the car bomb to Northern Ireland.[15]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=August 2018}} PIRA Chief of Staff Seán Mac Stíofáin defines the car bomb as both a tactical and a strategic guerrilla weapon. Strategically, it disrupts the ability of the enemy government to administer the country, and hits simultaneously at the core of its economic structure by means of massive destruction. From a tactical point of view, it ties down a large number of security forces and troops around the main urban areas of the region in conflict.[16] Examples
Groups that use car bombs
See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/ied-vehicle.htm|title=Vehicle Borne IEDs (VBIEDs)|publisher=Global Security|accessdate=3 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725020708/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/ied-vehicle.htm|archivedate=25 July 2008|df=}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Technology and terrorism|last=Wilkinson|first=Paul|author2=Christop Harman|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|isbn=0-7146-4552-4}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=2015: an epidemic of suicide bombs {{!}} AOAV|url=http://aoav.org.uk/2015/2015-an-epidemic-of-suicide-bombs/|website=AOAV|publisher=Action on Armed Violence|date=10 August 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921195327/http://aoav.org.uk/2015/2015-an-epidemic-of-suicide-bombs/|archivedate=21 September 2017|df=}} 4. ^{{cite news|last1=Holly|first1=Williams|title=Reports of suicide car bombs, possible exposure to chemical weapons in Mosul fight|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/suicide-car-bombs-and-reports-of-possible-exposure-to-chemical-weapons-in-battle-for-mosul/|work=CBS News|date=March 5, 2017|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707025849/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/suicide-car-bombs-and-reports-of-possible-exposure-to-chemical-weapons-in-battle-for-mosul/|archivedate=July 7, 2017|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=David|first1=Enders|title=Car Bombs Have Become the Islamic State's Assault 'Weapon of Choice' {{!}} VICE News|url=https://news.vice.com/article/car-bombs-have-become-the-islamic-states-assault-weapon-of-choice|website=VICE News|publisher=VICE News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193829/https://news.vice.com/article/car-bombs-have-become-the-islamic-states-assault-weapon-of-choice|archivedate=2017-09-21|df=}} 6. ^See Davis. 7. ^globalsecurity.org IED Vehicle {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/ied-vehicle.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-08-03 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725020708/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/ied-vehicle.htm |archivedate=2008-07-25 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1108613/ISIS-video-shows-suicide-bomber-car-explosives-blast.html|title=ISIS video shows suicide bomber in car full of explosives before blast - Daily Mail Online|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090657/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1108613/ISIS-video-shows-suicide-bomber-car-explosives-blast.html|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=}} 9. ^Trends Institution "Daeshis-armored-vehicle-borne IED" {{cite web |url=http://trendsinstitution.org/daeshis-armored-vehicle-borne-improvised-explosive-devices-avbieds-insurgent-use-and-terrorism-potentials/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-10-29 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002622/http://trendsinstitution.org/daeshis-armored-vehicle-borne-improvised-explosive-devices-avbieds-insurgent-use-and-terrorism-potentials/ |archivedate=2016-10-30 |df= }} 10. ^Global Security.Org IED Vehicle {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/ied-vehicle.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-08-03 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725020708/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/ied-vehicle.htm |archivedate=2008-07-25 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite book | last = Olson | first = Dean | title = Tactical Counterterrorism the Law Enforcement Manual of Terrorism Prevention | publisher = Charles C Thomas | location = Springfield | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780398087234 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=UJDwCAAAQBAJ&pg=166 p.166] 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-03/take-a-look-inside-a-car-bomb-made-by-islamic-state-militants/6997112|title=Take a look inside an armoured Islamic State car bomb|work=ABC News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203094445/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-03/take-a-look-inside-a-car-bomb-made-by-islamic-state-militants/6997112|archivedate=2015-12-03|df=}} 13. ^Davis, chapter 4, "Oranges for Jaffa". 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cornerhouse.org/books/info.aspx?ID=1835&page=0|title=The Atlas Group and Walid Raad - Cornerhouse|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229221418/http://www.cornerhouse.org/books/info.aspx?ID=1835&page=0|archivedate=29 December 2007|df=}} 15. ^D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD %C3%93 Conaill#cite note-2 16. ^{{Cite book|title = Revolutionary in Ireland|last = McStiofáin|first = Seán|publisher = G. Cremonesi|year = 1975|isbn = |location = |pages = 243}} 17. ^Car bomb kills Northern Ireland lawyer {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909071025/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/297183.stm |date=2009-09-09 }} BBC News, 15 March 1999. 18. ^{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Peter|authorlink = Peter Taylor (Journalist)|title=Loyalists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=1999|pages=125–126|isbn=0-7475-4519-7}} 19. ^Elmundo.es {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817150624/http://www.elmundo.es/eta/atentados/index.html |date=2009-08-17 }} {{es icon}} 20. ^Davis, ch. 13, "Car-Bomb University" 21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8198043/Sweden-suicide-bomber-Taimur-Abdulwahab-al-Abdaly-was-living-in-Britain.html|title=Sweden suicide bomber: Taimur Abdulwahab al-Abdaly was living in Britain|last=Gardham|first=Duncan|author2=Oscarsson, Marcus |author3=Hutchison, Peter|date=12 December 2010|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=12 December 2010|location=London| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110121205611/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8198043/Sweden-suicide-bomber-Taimur-Abdulwahab-al-Abdaly-was-living-in-Britain.html| archivedate= 21 January 2011 | deadurl= no}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.liveleak.com/view?t=029_1434569296|title=Liveleak.com - [Combat edit] New ISIS release - VBIEDs collapse 8-story building - Fighter wearing GoPro gets killed - Ramadi (June, 2015|author=|date=|website=liveleak.com|accessdate=8 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508120940/https://www.liveleak.com/view?t=029_1434569296|archivedate=8 May 2018|df=}} 23. ^{{cite news|title=Daphne Caruana Galizia killed in Bidnija car blast|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20171016/local/car-goes-up-in-flames-in-bidnija.660575|work=Times of Malta|date=16 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016160502/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20171016/local/car-goes-up-in-flames-in-bidnija.660575|archivedate=16 October 2017|deadurl=yes|df=}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-10853360|title=200lb of explosives in Derry car bomb|work=BBC News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822161330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-10853360|archivedate=2010-08-22|df=}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/f141b23e-f86a-11db-a940-000b5df10621.html|publisher=Financial Times|title=Explosive reading|author= Daniel Swift|date=4 May 2007|work=Review of: Buda’s Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb|accessdate=6 May 2010}} 26. ^{{cite news|last=Ellingwood|first=Ken|title=Mexico arrests man alleged to have directed fatal Juarez car bomb attack|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/21/world/la-fg-mexico-carbomb-20101022|accessdate=6 May 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=21 October 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120508033707/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/21/world/la-fg-mexico-carbomb-20101022|archivedate=8 May 2012|df=}} 27. ^{{cite news|title=Car bomb explosion followed by shootout in Nuevo Laredo|url=http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?id=745672#.T6XAxJ9YvDE|accessdate=6 May 2012|newspaper=KGBT-TV|date=24 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426224747/http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?id=745672#.T6XAxJ9YvDE|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=}} 28. ^{{cite news|title=Reafirma El Chapo presencia en Tamaulipas con coche bomba|url=http://www.blogdelnarco.com/2012/04/reafirma-el-chapo-presencia-en-tamulipas-con-coche-bomba/|accessdate=6 May 2012|newspaper=Blog del Narco|date=24 April 2012|language=es|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427212401/http://www.blogdelnarco.com/2012/04/reafirma-el-chapo-presencia-en-tamulipas-con-coche-bomba/|archivedate=27 April 2012|df=}} 29. ^{{cite news|title=Suman 23 ejecutados en Nuevo Laredo, entre decapitados y colgados|url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=306356|accessdate=6 May 2012|work=Proceso|date=4 May 2012|language=es|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507040149/http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=306356|archivedate=7 May 2012|df=}} References
External links{{commons category|Car bombs}}
4 : Terrorism tactics|Car bombs|Suicide weapons|Improvised explosive devices |
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