| 词条 | Al-Ahram |
| 释义 |
| name = Al-Ahram {{lang|arz|الأهرام|italics=no}} | logo = Al_Ahram_Logo.svg | logo_size = 175px | image = Al_Ahram_cover_page.jpg | image_size = 200px |caption = Typical Al-Ahram front page. | type = Daily newspaper | format = Broadsheet | foundation = {{start date and age|1875|8|5|df=yes}} | ceased publication = | price = 2 EGP | language = Arabic | owners = Egyptian Government | political = Uncertain (2011-present) National Democratic Party (1978–2011) | publisher = Al-Ahram Publishing House | editor =Mohamed Abdelhady Allam | staff = | circulation = 1,000,000 daily 1,200,000 Fridays[1] | headquarters = Boulaq, Cairo, Egypt | publishing_country = Egypt | website = Arabic: {{URL|http://www.ahram.org.eg/}} English: {{URL|http://english.ahram.org.eg/}} }} Al-Ahram ({{lang-arz|الأهرام}}; The Pyramids), founded on 5 August 1875, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after al-Waqa'i`al-Masriya (The Egyptian Events, founded 1828).[2] It is majority owned by the Egyptian government. Given the many varieties of Arabic language, Al-Ahram is widely considered an influential source of writing style in Arabic. In 1950, the Middle East Institute described Al-Ahram as being to the Arabic-reading public within its area of distribution, "What The Times is to Englishmen and The New York Times to Americans",[3] however it has often been accused of heavy influence and censorship by the Egyptian government. In addition to the main edition published in Egypt, the paper publishes two other Arabic-language editions, one geared to the Arab world and the other aimed at an international audience, as well as editions in English and French. HistoryAl-Ahram was founded in Alexandria in 1875[4] by two Lebanese brothers, Beshara Takla and Saleem Takla.[5][5] It began as a weekly newspaper published every Saturday. Its first issue appeared on 5 August 1876.[6][7] The paper was relaunched as a daily newspaper in January 1881.[6]Its headquarters was in Alexandria until November 1899 when it was moved to Cairo.[6] The newspaper was distributed in Egypt and the Levant. The religious innovators Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani were early writers of the newspaper. Upon the death of Beshara Takla, Daud Barakat, a Lebanese journalist, was named editor of the daily in 1901.[11] On 24 May 1960, the paper was nationalized when President Gamal Abdel Nasser passed a law eliminating the ownership of private newspapers.[7][8] The circulation of the paper was between 45,000 and 50,000 copies in 1937 whereas it was 90,000 copies in 1947.[9] In 1976 the paper had a circulation of 520,000 copies, making it the second most read daily in Egypt after Al Akhbar.[9] Al Ahrams circulation in 2000 was 1.2 million copies.[10] Profile and editionsAl-Ahram daily is the flagship of what is now the Al-Ahram publishing house, the largest in Egypt.[11] Al-Ahrams headquarters is in Boulaq, Cairo. Its content was controlled{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} by the Egyptian Ministry of Information.The pan-Arab Arabic-language edition of the paper, called Al Ahram Al Arabiya, is destined for readers in the Arab World and the Egyptian expatriates in Arab countries. It is published daily in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE and distributed in Egypt and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Arabic weekly, Al Ahram Al Arabi, which was launched in 1997 is another publication of the publishing house.[12] An international Arabic-language edition called Al Ahram al Duwali has been published daily in London since 1984. It is printed in both London and Paris and is distributed throughout Europe, USA, Canada and Egypt. Two foreign-language weekly versions are also produced: the English Al-Ahram Weekly (founded in 1991) and the French Al-Ahram Hebdo. Al-Ahram produces a continually updated news website in the English language at English.Ahram.org.eg, called Ahram Online. It also has an Arabic news website which was the 20th mostly visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.[13] It was named as the most popular news portal in the Arab world in the period from 31 August 2011 to 31 August 2012 by Forbes Middle East.[14][15]Ownership and government influence{{Update|type=section|date=June 2011}}Al-Ahram is owned by the Al-Ahram Foundation which is managed by the Egyptian government's "Supreme Council of Press". Al-Ahram is one of the largest circulating newspapers in the world.[16] Long-term editor of the daily Mohammad Hassanein Haykal was the confidant of Nasser and also, the semi-official voice of the Egyptian government when he was in office.[17][18]The Egyptian government owns a controlling share of the stocks of the paper and appoints the editors. As appointees of the state, little censorship is exercised over them; it is understood that they are loyal to the state.[19] Under President Hosni Mubarak, Al-Ahram largely ignored, and trivialised the opposition parties to Mubarak's ruling National Democratic Party, and did not publish much direct criticism of the government.[20] The Anti-Defamation League, in a review of Arab newspapers in 2005, stated that Al-Ahram "is given substantial leeway" by the government so long as they avoid "certain 'taboos'."[21] Reporters Without Borders, in their 2005 report on press freedom in Egypt, reported that editorials in many newspapers, including Al-Ahram, had become increasingly critical of the National Democratic Party's control of the government, and the corruption of the Mubarak regime.[22] In an interview with Reporters Without Borders, Abdel Halim Qandil, editor of the weekly magazine Al-Arabi, said that the government interfered with independent operation of Al-Ahram by controlling the printing presses and appointing the editors.[22] Al-Ahram generated controversy in September 2010 when an Egyptian blogger, Wael Khalil, revealed that the newspaper had altered a photo of Middle East leaders walking with United States President Barack Obama so that instead of Obama leading the group, Egyptian President Mubarak was placed in the front when he was actually walking in the rearmost position.[23] Osama Saraya, Al-Ahram's editor-in-chief, defended the altered photo, stating that it was meant to underscore Egypt's leading role in the peace process: "The expressionist photo is... a brief, live and true expression of the prominent stance of President Mubarak in the Palestinian issue, his unique role in leading it before Washington or any other."[24]Notable writers and editorsMohamed Hassanein Heikal was the long-term editor-in-chief of Al Ahram. He served in the post between August 1957[18] and 1974.[11] Ali Amin served as editor-in-chief between 1974 and 1976.[25] From 1978 to July 2006 Ibrahim Nafie was the editor-in-chief of Al Ahram.[26] He also served as the chairman of the daily until 2005.[36] Nafie was replaced by Osama Saraya as editor-in-chief in July 2005.[27] In August 2012, Abdel Nasser Salama was appointed editor-in-chief of the paper by the Egyptian Shura Council.[28]Notable writers include: {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^Drost, 1991: 139–140. 2. ^{{cite web|title=Publication overview|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/egypt/documents/semc/20111122_en.pdf|work=Ipsos|accessdate=9 November 2013}} 3. ^Middle East Institute, 1950, p. 155. 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Caryle|title=The Future of Print|journal=The Majalla|date=18 December 2012|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/12/article55236690|accessdate=5 July 2013}} 5. ^{{cite journal|author=Talaat I. Farag|title=Satirical Papyrus and Modern Cartoonists (Part II)|journal=The Ambassadors|issue=15|url=http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue15/features2.htm|accessdate=24 November 2013}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Clare Davies |title=Archive Map: Egypt |url=http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |publisher=Speak Memory |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091343/http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |archivedate=6 October 2014 |df=dmy }} 7. ^1 {{cite web|title=The Coverage of Egypt’s Revolution in the Egyptian, American and Israeli Newspapers |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/The_Coverage_of_Egypt_s_Revolution.pdf |work=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |accessdate=29 September 2013 |author=Hend Selim |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011034/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/The_Coverage_of_Egypt_s_Revolution.pdf |archivedate=3 December 2013 }} 8. ^{{cite journal|last=Lindsey|first=Ursula|title=First Draft of History|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/03/13/first-draft-of-history.html|journal=Newsweek|date=21 March 2011|volume=157|issue=12|accessdate=3 September 2013}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|author=Mushira Eid|title=The World of Obituaries: Gender across Cultures and over Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuAyZV3V8h8C&pg=PA52|accessdate=13 September 2014|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-3655-8|page=52}} 10. ^{{cite web|author1=Sahar Hegazi |author2=Mona Khalifa |title=Increasing the Coverage of Reproductive Health Issues in Egyptian Press Project |url=http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/frontiers/FR_FinalReports/egyptmedia.pdf |publisher=FRONTIERS/Population Council |accessdate=30 September 2014 |date=October 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006201517/http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/frontiers/FR_FinalReports/egyptmedia.pdf |archivedate=6 October 2014 }} 11. ^Islam, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ViGUhxwadJcC&pg=RA1-PA277&dq=ahram&lr=#v=onepage&q=ahram&f=false p. 277]. 12. ^{{cite web|title=Al Ahram Al Arabi|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/ahram-al-arabi-al-ahram-al-arabi/oclc/39723196|work=OCLC Worldcat|accessdate=25 September 2013}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Forbes Releases Top 50 MENA Online Newspapers; Lebanon Fails to Make Top 10|url=http://www.jadaoun.com/2803/forbes-releases-top-50-mena-online-newspapers-lebanon-fails-to-make-top-10/|accessdate=11 September 2014|work=Jad Aoun|date=28 October 2010}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Al Ahram tops online newspapers in Arab world: Forbes|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/61353/Egypt/Politics-/AlAhram-tops-online-newspapers-in-Arab-world-Forbe.aspx|accessdate=20 September 2013|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=27 December 2012}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Forbes ME reveals top Arab online media|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/forbes-me-reveals-top-arab-online-media-2012-12-27-1.488983|accessdate=11 September 2014|work=Emirates 24/7|agency=WAM|date=27 December 2012}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/eg/306/5036/13021|title=Al-Ahram-daily newspaper in Cairo, Egypt with local news and events|work=Mondo Times|date=28 November 2011|accessdate=10 September 2012}} 17. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Turck|first=Nancy B.|title=The Authoritative Al-Ahram|journal=Saudi Aramco|date=September–October 1972|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197205/the.authoritative.al-ahram.htm|accessdate=15 September 2013}} 18. ^1 {{cite book|title=Egypt from Monarchy to Republic: A Reassessment of Revolution and Change|year=1995|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|url=https://www.questia.com/read/89741957/egypt-from-monarchy-to-republic-a-reassessment-of|author=Shimon Shamir|accessdate=9 December 2013}}{{Subscription required|via=Questia}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pressreference.com/Co-Fa/Egypt.html|title=Egypt Press, Media|work=Pressreference|accessdate=10 September 2012}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4199054.stm|work=BBC News|title=The media in Egypt|date=2 September 2005|accessdate=23 April 2010}} 21. ^Arab Media Review: Index of Arab Newspapers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708075408/http://www.adl.org/main_Arab_World/asam_newspapers_02_05.htm |date=8 July 2009 }} Anti-Defamation League, 14 February 2005 22. ^1 Egypt – 2005 annual report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829051730/http://www.rsf.org/en-rapport149-id_rubrique509-Egypt.html |date=29 August 2012 }}, Reporters Without Borders, January 2005 23. ^{{cite news|title=Doctored Photo Flatters Egyptian President|author=Robert Mackey|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 September 2010|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/doctored-photo-flatters-egyptian-president/ |accessdate=30 September 2010}} 24. ^{{cite news|title=Al-Ahram newspaper defends doctored photo of Hosni Mubarak|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 September 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/al-ahram-newspaper-doctored-photo-hosni-mubarak|accessdate=5 October 2010}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Arthur Goldschmidt|title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3J6IS8t74QC&pg=PA21|accessdate=13 September 2014|year=2000|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-229-8|page=21}} 26. ^{{cite news|title=In Nafie's pocket: $600 million|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-nafie-s-pocket-600-million-1.184612|accessdate=25 September 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|date=5 April 2006|author=Zvi Barel}} 27. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Gamal Essam El Din |title=A radical shake-up? |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |date=7–13 July 2005 |issue=750 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/750/eg4.htm |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326202054/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/750/eg4.htm |archivedate=26 March 2013 }} 28. ^{{cite news|title=New editors appointed by Shura|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/09/new-editors-appointed-by-shura/|accessdate=25 September 2013|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=9 August 2012}} Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links{{Portal|Egypt|Journalism}}
7 : 1875 establishments in Egypt|Publications established in 1875|Arabic-language newspapers|Media in Alexandria|Media in Cairo|Newspapers published in Egypt|Weekly newspapers |
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