“Hermosillo”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hermosillo ({{IPA-es|eɾmoˈsiʝo|-|Hermosillo.ogg}}), formerly called Pitic (as Santísima Trinidad del Pitic and Presidio del Pitic), is a city located centrally in the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. It is the capital and largest city as well as the main economic center for the state and region.^[3] As of 2015, the city has a population of 812,229 inhabitants, making it the 16th largest city in Mexico.^[2] The recent city population spur is due to its recent strong industrialization, especially in the automotive industry.

Hermosillo was ranked as one of the 5 best cities to live in in Mexico, as published in the study "The Most Livable Cities of Mexico 2013" by the Strategic Communications Cabinet of the Federal Government. Hermosillo also ranked as the seventh most competitive city in the country according to the Mexican Institute for Competitiveness (IMCO) based on factors such as its economic diversification, geographical location, access to education, government, innovation and international relations, according to the urban combativity analysis released by that institution in 2016. The major manufacturing sector is automobiles, which was begun in the 1980s.

Hermosillo features a subtropical hot desert climate (BWh). Temperatures can reach {{convert|48|C|F|1|disp=or}} in the summer months, making it one of the hottest cities in the country.

History

Evidence of the area's first inhabitants dates back 3,000 years, much of which are from a site called the San Dieguito Complex, located in the El Pinacate Zone. Evidence of agriculture dates back 2,500 years.^[4] In the pre-Hispanic era, this area was inhabited by the Seri, Tepoca, and Pima peoples.^[3]^[4]

The first encounter between the Spanish and natives occurred in the middle of the 16th century, when explorers were sent here in search of nonexistent gold. The first missionaries arrived in the state of Sonora around 1614, and Eusebio Francisco Kino arrived in 1687, founding a mission in nearby Cucurpe. What is now the states of Sonora and Sinaloa was loosely organized as the provinces of Sonora, Ostimura and Sinaloa.^[4]

In 1700, three small Spanish villages were founded in what is now the outskirts of Hermosillo, Nuestra Señora del Pópulo, Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles and la Santísima Trinidad del Pitic. The native peoples here soon became hostile to the Spanish and managed to drive them out several times in the early 18th century. In 1716, the Spanish offered irrigated lands for farmers to natives who agreed to abide by Spanish law. Around 1726, a fort named the Presidio of Pitic was constructed to stop the domination of this area by the natives, especially the Seri. However, the situation did not settle soon so that the first church was not built until 1787 and the first formal parish was not established until 1822.^[3]^[4]

During the Mexican War of Independence, Sonora and the town of Pitic stayed loyal to the Spanish Crown. In fact, a general from this area, Alejo García Conde, defeated insurgent José María González Hermosillo, who had been sent here by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.^[4] In 1825, the village of Pitic was made the seat of the department of the same name. In 1828, the settlement changed its name to Hermosillo to honor José María González de Hermosillo.^[3]

A battle between imperial and republican forces occurred here in 1866 during the French Intervention in Mexico. In 1879, the capital of the state of Sonora was moved from Arizpe to Hermosillo. In 1881 the railroad linking Hermosillo with Guaymas and Nogales was finished, allowing for economic expansion in the area by bringing in mining equipment and modern agricultural equipment. Since then, the city has been an economic center for northwest Mexico.^[3]

During the Mexican Revolution, forces loyal to Pancho Villa were repulsed by General Manuel M. Diéguez.^[3] After the assassination of Francisco I. Madero in 1913, Venustiano Carranza, then governor of Coahuila, sought refuge in Hermosillo. Here Carranza began the Constitutionalist Movement, and because of this, Hermosillo has the nickname of the "revolutionary capital of the country."^[4]

From the late 19th century and through the first two decades of the 20th, Chinese immigrants came into Sonora state. One of the places in which a significant number settled was the city of Hermosillo. Some of these immigrants had capital and used it to establish businesses, especially shoe manufacturing and clothing. Some of the most successful Chinese-owned businesses in Sonora were based in Hermosillo and sold their merchandise to other parts of the country.^[5] However, by the 1920s anti-Chinese sentiment had become strong in Sonora state, with many Chinese leaving for Mexico City or the United States.^[6]

In the 1980s, Ford built a plant here, which had a great impact on the city's and state's economy.^[4]

Hermosillo is the site of a tragic fire at the ABC child care center on June 5, 2009. According to the Procuraduría General de Justicia en el Estado (State Attorney General Office) of Sonora, 49 deaths were attributed to the fire at the ABC child care center.^[7] The fire apparently started at a car and tire depot, then spread to the child care center. Most of the children died of asphyxiation. There were about 100 children inside the building and firefighters had to knock holes in the walls to rescue the children, who ranged in age from six months to five years.^[8]

Geography

As the municipal seat, the city of Hermosillo is the local government of over 3,800 other localities,^[9] with a combined territory of {{convert|14880.2|km2|1|abbr=out}}.^[3]

The two most important rivers are the Sonora and the San Miguel. Both of these are used for irrigation purposes with the Abelardo L. Rodriguez Dam located on the San Miguel River.^[3] The population increase of the municipality, currently at 2.5% annually, puts pressure on the infrastructure of the city, especially its water supply.^[10] Decades of overpumping of ground water has led to the aquifer levels being lower than sea levels, and sea water creeping in as an "artificial recharge."^[11]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Hermosillo features a hot desert climate (BWh). Temperatures can range from as low as freezing in January and February to {{convert|48|C|F|1|disp=or}} in July and August. Rain falls mostly between July and September, with annual precipitation between {{convert|75|and|300|mm|in|1}}. Most of the vegetation here consists of mesquite trees as well as trees such as the desert ironwood, palo verde and the huisache. Desert animals such as the desert tortoise, rattlesnakes, bighorn sheep and lynx are the most notable species.^[3] Populations of feral red-masked parakeets and monk parakeets are a local sightseeing attraction here.

Hermosillo's all-time weather record for high temperature is {{convert|49.5|°C|°F|disp=or}}, which was achieved in June 2014.^[12] In recent years, the lowest temperature was {{convert|−4|C|F|1}}, in December.

Demographics

According to the results of INEGI,^[2] Hermosillo is Mexico's 16th largest city, with 812,229 people. Other important communities in the municipality include Miguel Alemán (30,869), Bahía Kino (6,050), San Pedro el Saucito (2,938), El Tazajal (2,062), La Victoria (1,966), Zamora (1,049), and Mesa Del Seri (908).^[14] The recent city population spur is due to its recent strong industrialization, especially in the automotive industry and its providers.

Economy

Most of the municipality's population lives in the city proper, with most jobs located in the manufacturing and commerce sectors here. About 250,000 hectares are under cultivation in the city's outskirts, most of which is near the coast. Crops include wheat, grapes, flowers, chickpeas, alfalfa and walnuts. Livestock has been traditionally important here, especially beef cattle. Pigs, sheep, goats, horses, domestic fowl and bees are also raised here as well. Fishing is practiced along the coast with shrimp being the most important catch.^[3]

Industry and manufacturing has been the most dynamic sector of the economy. Much of this began in the 1980s with the establishment of the automobile industry, specifically the Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant owned and operated by Ford Motor Company. Electronics and IT are the largest employers by both revenue and number of employees. Today, there are twenty-six major manufacturers, which generate about 68,300 jobs, employing about thirty percent of the population.

Other than cars, products manufactured here include televisions, computers, food processing, textiles, wood products, printing, cellular phones, chemicals, petroleum products and plastics. Lanix electronics has a major research and design facility and its main manufacturing plant in Hermosillo. The city and its municipality have twelve industrial parks, which house over one hundred smaller manufacturing enterprises.^[3] There has been slowing of this sector especially the automobile industry because of the global economic downturn that began in 2008.^[10]

Commerce employs more than half of the population; besides small local businesses, chains are well represented; these are locally, regionally (Northwest Mexico), nationally, and U.S.-based. Tourism is mostly limited to the coastal communities of Bahia de Kino, Kino Nuevo and Punta Chueca, where there are cave paintings and a recreational park named La Sauceda.^[3]

In 2009, Standard & Poor's rated the municipality of Hermosillo as (mxA/Estable/-) based on its administrative practices, financial flexibility and limited financial risks. Financial management of the municipality has been prudent, with adequate documentation of practices. Debt levels have also been prudent at about 33% of gross income, which might decline in 2010. However, the municipality has limited liquid capital.^[10]

Sports

The city has a professional baseball team called Naranjeros de Hermosillo (Orange Growers) that plays in the Estadio Sonora. Baseball has always been popular in this city since the late 19th century. The club had its beginnings in the 1950s, when the Liga Invernal de Sonora (Sonora Winter League) was founded as a complement to the already existing Liga de la Costa del Pacífico (Pacific Coast League). The Naranjeros were officially organized in 1958. Since then, the team has won 16 championships in the Pacific Coast League and two championships in the Caribbean Series.^[15]

Since 2013, the city has been home to the Cimarrones de Sonora football (soccer) club. Home matches are played at Estadio Héroe de Nacozari.

Parks and recreation

As the city is located on a plain in the Sonoran Desert, surrounded by flat areas with grass, behind which are greener hills that are then framed by serrated peaks in the background,^[16] the city is a common stopover for North Americans traveling by car toward the coast, and is the only city in Mexico that purifies all drinking water before it goes to homes.^[16] The city is the major economic center for the state, with about thirty percent of the state's population living in the city.^[10]

The center of the city is Plaza Zaragoza, built in 1865, in which there is a Moorish-style kiosk, which was brought from Florence, Italy in the early 20th century.^[16]^[17] The plaza also has a flower garden and statues of General Ignacio Pesqueira and General García Morales.^[3]

The plaza is framed by the State Government Palace and the Cathedral.^[16] The Palacio de Gobierno, Spanish for "Government Palace," was constructed in 1881, using stone from the nearby Cerro de la Campana mountain, has a white Neoclassical façade, with a central body that extends slightly more in front than the rest. This central body is flanked by Ionic columns and is topped by a semicircular pediment and a clock tower. The side wings have an aligned series of windows on the first level and balconies on the second, with the corners having thick pilasters. The interior has one patio with a main staircase, decorated with murals done between 1982 and 1984 by Teresa Moran, Enrique Estrada and Héctor Martínez Arteche, depicting scenes from Sonora's history. The building was officially inaugurated in 1906 and reflects elements of French style, which was popular at the time.^[17]^[18]

The cathedral, named the Catedral de la Asunción, is located next to Plaza Zaragoza. It was begun in the 18th century but was not finished until the beginning of the 20th.^[17] However, the first chapels associated with the cathedral were begun in the 18th century.^[19] Construction of the cathedral began in 1861 and is a mix of predominantly Neoclassical architecture with Neogothic decorative elements. The main entrance is flanked by paired columns on pedestals and the smaller side doors are topped with semicircular pediments. Above the main doors are two ogival or pointed windows, over which is a crest with a balustrade. The church's towers have three levels with a dome-like top and are decorated with crosses from Caravaca de la Cruz. The interior of the church is of very austere Neoclassical design.^[20]

The Regional Museum was opened in 1960 with only one small hall, which exhibited archeological finds from the region. Today, there are two large halls, one dedicated to anthropology and the other to history. The anthropology hall displays archeological finds such as tools, utensils, textiles, stone objects and more from both the pre-Hispanic and colonial periods. The second focuses on the colonial period and contains items such as documents, maps, tools, coins and more.^[21]

The Museo de Sonora (Museum of Sonora) is housed in a building that originally functioned as a prison. It was completed in 1907 and built by the mostly indigenous prisoners themselves. The prison closed in 1979. In the 1980s, the building was reconditioned, reopening as the current museum in 1985. This museum has eighteen rooms covering various aspects of the state including its paleontology, history, archeology and ethnography. It has also conserved some of the cells of the original prison. Some of its more important items in the collection include a serpent's head from the Teotihuacan period, a collection of coins from the 16th century and various antique weapons.^[19]

The Museo de Culturas Populares e Indígenas de Sonora (Museum of Popular and Indigenous Cultures of Sonora) was the former residence of Dr. Alberto Hoeffer. It was constructed in 1904 and restored in 1997, conserving its original French-inspired style. Today, it houses a museum mostly dedicated to the indigenous cultures of the state, including crafts, clothing, customs and ways of life.^[19]

The Plaza Hidalgo area of the city was a very fashionable area during the first half of the 20th century when a number of the wealthy and influential of the city built homes here. Today, many of these constructions now house institutions such as the Instituto Sonorense de Cultura, the Colegio de Sonora, Radio Sonora, the Colegio Library and the Colegio de Notarios. Each weekend, the plaza becomes a cultural center, hosting various activities and events such as concerts, exhibitions, theatrical works and more.^[19]

The Cerro de la Campana mountain is one of the symbols of Hermosillo. Its summit is {{convert|350|m}} above the valley floor and contains a lookout called El Caracol, which was inaugurated in 1909. There are two theories as to the origin of the mountain's name. One states that it is from a peculiar metallic sound that is made when the mountain's rocks fall against each other. The other is based on the bell-like shape of the elevation.^[19]

Just outside the city proper on the highway to Guaymas is the Centro Ecológico de Sonora (Ecological Center of Sonora). The Center has more than 300 species of plants and 200 species of animals from both Sonora and other parts of the world. All of the animals live in recreated natural habitats.^[17] The Sonoran collection is part of one of CES's main functions, which is to preserve the flora and fauna of the state.^[3] The collection contains representations of animals and plants from the four main habitats of the state: mountains, grassland, desert and sea. Some of the species are in danger of extinction such as the bighorn sheep, the white-tailed deer as well as a number of bird and reptile species.^[22]

The Dr. Alfonso Ortiz Tirado Festival has been an annual event since 1985 and is the most important cultural event in northwest Mexico. It takes place in Hermosillo and a number of other municipalities in the state. Representatives from various Mexican states and countries such as Spain, the United States, Brazil, Germany and others send artists to perform and exhibit their work. The event is organized by the Sonoran state government and the Instituto Sonorense de Cultura.^[23]

In the Coloso neighborhood of Hermosillo, and other locations in Sonora, the Yaqui people are known for their celebrations of Holy Week, which mix Catholic and indigenous religious practices.^[3]^[24] In Hermosillo, the main brotherhood that sponsors this event is called the Fariseos. Rites performed during this week are intended to combat evil and sickness, calling upon both saints and "temastians" or medicine men to use magic to expel evil spirits. During this time participants dress in traditional Yaqui clothing and perform native dances such as El Coyote (The Coyote), Matachines, Los Pascolas and especially the Danza del Venado (Deer Dance), animal sacred to the Yaqui as a symbol of good.^[24]

Two other major festivals there include the Fiesta de la Vendimia (Grape Harvest Festival) in July and the Feria Exposición Ganadera e Industrial (Livestock and Industry Exposition and Fair) in May.^[3]

Education

Hermosillo has several public and private higher education institutions, among them:

Transportation

The main highway serving Hermosillo is Mexican Federal Highway 15. Another important route is Sonora State Highway 100.

General Ignacio Pesqueira García International Airport provides domestic and international service to the United States.

Nearby attractions

San Carlos is a beachfront subdivision within the port city of Guaymas, in the northern state of Sonora in Mexico. It is noted for the exceptional clarity and warmth of the ocean water in its shallow bays. It lies on the body of water known as the Gulf of California. Given the size of the city, with nearly 7,000 inhabitants, there is a remarkable number of RV parks, resorts and stores. There is also a very large and active diving community. There are also other outdoors activities like climbing, sailing, horseback riding, aquatic sports, and others.

Twin towns and Sister cities

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/datos-geograficos/26/26030.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064254/http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/datos-geograficos/26/26030.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/son/poblacion/|title=Número de habitantes. Sonora|author=|date=|website=cuentame.inegi.org.mx|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022133712/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/son/poblacion/|archivedate=22 October 2017|df=}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb/ELOCAL/EMM_sonora |title=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Sonora Hermosillo |publisher=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616191618/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb/ELOCAL/EMM_sonora |archivedate=June 16, 2011 |df= }}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web|url=http://www.sonoraturismo.gob.mx/hermosillo-sonora.htm |title=Hermsillo, Sonora Destinos de Sonora |first=José Rómulo |last=Félix Gastélum |publisher=Government of Sonora |location=Hermosillo, Sonora |language=Spanish |trans-title=Hermosillo, Sonora Destinations of Sonora |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228191722/http://www.sonoraturismo.gob.mx/hermosillo-sonora.htm |archivedate=February 28, 2009 }}
5. ^{{cite book |title= Displacements and Diasporas : Asians in the Americas. |editor1-first=Robert G. |editor1-last=Lee |others= Wanni Wibulswasdi Anderson (Editor) |year=2005 |publisher= Rutgers University Press |location= New Brunswick, NJ, USA |pages=91–92 |url= http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10114307&ppg=101 |accessdate=January 13, 2010}}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Campos Rico |first1=Ivonne Virginia |title= La Formación de la Comunidad China en México: políticas, migración, antichinismo y relaciones socioculturales (thesis) |year=2003 |publisher=Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH-SEP) |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |page=91 }}
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8. ^{{cite news |title= Deadly fire hits day care center in Mexico |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2009/06/06/MND81822FU.DTL |agency= |newspaper= Associated Press |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |location= San Francisco, CA |date=6 June 2009 |accessdate=January 13, 2010 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |title=INEGI Census 2005 |language=Spanish |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328224939/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |archivedate=March 28, 2007 |df= }}
10. ^¹²³{{cite web |url= http://www2.standardandpoors.com/portal/site/sp/es/la/page.article/2,1,7,0,1063041582163.html |title= Fundamento: Hermosillo, Sonora (Municipio de) |date=June 2009 |publisher=Standard & Poor's |language=Spanish |trans-title=Foundation:Hermosillo, Sonora (Municipality of) |accessdate=January 13, 2010 }}
11. ^{{cite book |title= Importance of hydrogeological modeling in the management of groundwater, a case study: the coast of Hermosillo Aquifer, Sonora, Mexico |last= Rangel Medina |first= Miguel |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher= SINEX (conference paper) |location= Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug-YEjQspCoC&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=hermosillo+sonora&source=bl&ots=4tOdXU40kk&sig=hqUyWxYXjD_XCJ2IZW33n9T0zxQ&hl=es&ei=P8NLS8H8GpGQtgfn4KHkDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBIQ6AEwBTikAw#v=onepage&q=hermosillo%20sonora&f=false |accessdate=January 13, 2010}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=76160: Hermosillo, Son. (Mexico) |url=http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76160&decoded=yes&ndays=1&ano=2014&mes=06&day=04&hora=07&lang=en |website=Ogimet |publisher=G. Ballester Valor |accessdate=5 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140605024235/http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76160&decoded=yes&ndays=1&ano=2014&mes=06&day=04&hora=07&lang=en |archivedate=5 June 2014 |df= }}
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15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naranjeros.com.mx/historia.htm |title=Historia del Club |publisher=Naranjeros Baseball Club |location=Hermosillo |language=Spanish |trans-title=History of the Club |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229190601/http://www.naranjeros.com.mx/historia.htm |archivedate=December 29, 2009 |df= }}
16. ^¹²³{{cite web |url= http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/493-sonora-mexico-s-wild-west |title= Sonora - Mexico's wild west |first= Bob |last=Brooke |date=1 September 2004 |publisher=MexConnect |accessdate=January 13, 2010 }}
17. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/7959-Fin-de-semana-en-Hermosillo-%28Sonora%29 |title=Fin de semana en Hermosillo (Sonora) |publisher=Mexico Desconocido |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=Weekend in Hermosillo (Sonora) |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416132905/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/7959-Fin-de-semana-en-Hermosillo-(Sonora) |archivedate=April 16, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/interior/index.php?p=nota&idNota=13571 |title=Palacio de Gobierno (Sonora) |publisher=Mexico Desconocido |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=Palace of the Government (Sonora) |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201135222/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/interior/index.php?p=nota&idNota=13571 |archivedate=February 1, 2009 |df= }}
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31. ^Centro de Estudios Superiores del Estado de Sonora {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120731014902/http://www.cesues.edu.mx/ |date=2012-07-31 }}
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39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/interior/index.php?p=nota&idNota=12988 |title=Diputados del estado de Sonora buscan convertir a Bahía de Kino en Zona Turística Prioritaria. |publisher=Mexico Desconocido |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=Legislators looking to convert Kino Bay into a Priority Tourism Zone |accessdate=January 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201135202/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/interior/index.php?p=nota&idNota=12988 |archivedate=February 1, 2009 |df= }}
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41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixsistercities.org|title = Phoenix Sister Cities|accessdate=2013-08-06|publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085207/http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/|archivedate = 2013-07-24}}