“Hindmarsh Island”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hindmarsh Island (Aboriginal: Kumerangk) is a sacred inland river island located in the lower Murray River near the town of Goolwa, South Australia.

The island is a tourist destination, which has increased in popularity since the opening of the Hindmarsh Island bridge in 2001. Hindmarsh Island is {{convert|100.1|km|abbr=off}} south east of the Adelaide city centre, around a 1-hour and 30 minute drive.

History

1830: The first European to set foot on Hindmarsh Island was Captain Charles Sturt. Sturt used the Island as a viewing point and from there he sighted the Murray Mouth.

1831: Captain Collet Barker surveyed the Murray Mouth but was killed by Indigenous Australians after swimming across the mouth.

1837: The island was named by Captain John William Dundas Blenkinsop after South Australia's first Governor, Sir John Hindmarsh.

1849: Dr. John Rankine was granted an occupational licence to become the island's first grazier. His nephew James Rankine was an early and longtime settler.

1853: Charles Price purchased section 20 ({{convert|80|acres|ha|order=flip}}) on the island.

1857: A signal mast was erected at Barker Knoll to convey safe passage condition messages to vessels wishing to pass through the mouth.

1858: A public ferry began operations between Goolwa and the island. In the same year the first inter colonial telegraph line passed through the island to link Adelaide with Melbourne.

1868: Hereford cattle and Shropshire sheep arrived in South Australia, when Charles Price introduced them onto the island.

1914: An experimental barrage was constructed to link Hindmarsh Island with Mundoo Island.

1935: Construction of the permanent barrages took place with the aim of maintaining a consistent water level around the river Port of Goolwa and keeping salt water from the northern shore improving agricultural opportunities.

1970: Little penguins were present on Hindmarsh Island. Today, the colony is extinct.

2001: Approximately a third of the island, the {{convert|10.81|km2|abbr=off}} Wyndgate property, was added to the Coorong National Park.

2005: Coorong Quays Hindmarsh Island boasts the title of the largest freshwater marina in the Southern Hemisphere (formerly The Marina Hindmarsh Island).

Present: Hindmarsh Island today has fresh water on its northern shore and salt water on the southern shores, the waters being separated by a series of barrages.

The Hindmarsh Island Bridge

March 4, 2001 saw the official opening of the Hindmarsh Island Bridge linking the island to Goolwa. The bridge became a focus of national controversy when a group of local Indigenous people (the Ngarrindjeri) and some landowners objected to its construction. It was alleged that the Ngarrindjeri objectors fabricated the cultural significance of the island (the Secret Women's Business) in order to help fight the development.

A later Royal Commission decided that the Secret Women's Business was made up. Construction was blocked by the Keating Government but given the go-ahead by the Howard Government in 1996.

Five years after the Royal Commission findings, the Ngarrindjeri who had stated the bridge desecrated sites sacred to women were vindicated. Federal Court Judge, Mr Justice John von Doussa, in Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 5) found that "the evidence received by the Court on this topic is significantly different to that which was before the Royal Commission. Upon the evidence before this Court I am not satisfied that the restricted women's knowledge was fabricated or that it was not part of genuine Aboriginal tradition'.^[4]{{rp|para 12}} Further, Justice von Doussa found the nine Ngarrindjeri women who testified about their beliefs to be 'credible witnesses who genuinely hold the beliefs and recollections expressed by them'.^[4]{{rp|para 317}}

Geography

Highest Elevation: {{convert|25|m|abbr=off}} (35°30'30.28"S 138°49'21.83"E)

Islands surrounding Hindmarsh Island

Mundoo Island (35°33'4.35"S 138°55'0.86"E) is a medium-sized island off the east coast of the island. Mundoo Island is a privately owned cattle station. The road acts also as a barrage to prevent the river water flowing through Murray Mouth into the ocean.

Rat Island/Grindstone Island (35°31'12.59"S 138°57'34.83"E) is a small private owned island {{convert|320|m|abbr=off}} off the easternmost point of the island. It covers {{convert|32|acres|ha|order=flip}} of land.

Varcoe Island (35°32'30.29"S 138°54'8.55"E) is an extremely small island, with a population of 0.

Bird Island/Gull Island (35°33'13.44"S 138°53'42.28"E) is small-sized island which has a population of 0, it is {{convert|100|m|abbr=off}} off the southernmost point of the island.

Goose Island (35°30'3.98"S 138°56'9.47"E) is a small private island {{convert|420|m|abbr=off}} off the north western area of the island. It has a population of 2, and very close to the coastline of Clayton Bay. Right next to Goose Island is Goat Island, which are 240 {{convert|240|m|abbr=off}} apart. Goose island does not have very much vegetation or greenery.

Goat Island (35°30'17.14"S 138°56'35.78"E) is a small private island {{convert|340|m|abbr=off}} off the north eastern area of the island. Goat island has a population of 1, making it the smallest island by population. Goat island has more vegetation on it than Goose Island, because the ground is more damp and moist.

Limestone Island/Goose Island (35°29'30.29"S 138°49'56.99"E) is a small island, which is located in the Game Reserve. It is located {{convert|970|m|abbr=off}} off the northern coast line of the island. It has a population of 0, and it was named Limestone Island because there is limestone rock formations on the island. The island is rarely set foot on by humans, and it has been known to flood in the middle of winter, making the island fully submerged in water. Limestone Island can be viewed very easily from Goolwa north because it is only {{convert|700|m|abbr=off}} away.

Climate

Akin to Adelaide, Hindmarsh Island experiences a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers, and mild cool winters.

{{Weather box
|location = Hindmarsh Island
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 43.0
|Feb record high C = 41.3
|Mar record high C = 39.1
|Apr record high C = 35.4
|May record high C = 28.9
|Jun record high C = 27.0
|Jul record high C = 22.9
|Aug record high C = 25.5
|Sep record high C = 31.4
|Oct record high C = 34.7
|Nov record high C = 41.5
|Dec record high C = 41.2
|year record high C = 43.0
|Jan high C = 23.6
|Feb high C = 24.4
|Mar high C = 22.1
|Apr high C = 20.6
|May high C = 18.1
|Jun high C = 15.8
|Jul high C = 15.4
|Aug high C = 16.0
|Sep high C = 18.0
|Oct high C = 19.9
|Nov high C = 21.2
|Dec high C = 21.9
|year high C = 19.7
|Jan low C = 15.4
|Feb low C = 15.5
|Mar low C = 13.9
|Apr low C = 11.8
|May low C = 9.7
|Jun low C = 8.4
|Jul low C = 7.7
|Aug low C = 7.7
|Sep low C = 9.0
|Oct low C = 10.7
|Nov low C = 12.4
|Dec low C = 13.9
|year low C = 11.3
|Jan record low C = 7.8
|Feb record low C = 9.1
|Mar record low C = 7.4
|Apr record low C = 5.0
|May record low C = 1.2
|Jun record low C = -0.6
|Jul record low C = 2.0
|Aug record low C = 1.0
|Sep record low C = 3.4
|Oct record low C = 4.3
|Nov record low C = 5.8
|Dec record low C = 7.0
|year record low C = -0.6
|Jan rain mm = 12.8
|Feb rain mm = 14.4
|Mar rain mm = 18.6
|Apr rain mm = 27.7
|May rain mm = 41.0
|Jun rain mm = 59.8
|Jul rain mm = 60.5
|Aug rain mm = 53.0
|Sep rain mm = 50.6
|Oct rain mm = 40.6
|Nov rain mm = 27.8
|Dec rain mm = 30.4
|Jan rain days = 5.2
|Feb rain days = 4.5
|Mar rain days = 7.4
|Apr rain days = 10.0
|May rain days = 15.8
|Jun rain days = 18.1
|Jul rain days = 19.9
|Aug rain days = 17.8
|Sep rain days = 14.9
|Oct rain days = 12.7
|Nov rain days = 9.9
|Dec rain days = 8.1
|unit rain days =
|source 1 = Bureau of Meteorology^[5]
|date=January 2015}}

Places of interest

Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park

Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park ( 35°30'13.17"S 138°48'53.30"E) is a caravan park located on the northern side of Hindmarsh Island on natural land. The land consists of camping grounds, forests and grasslands. It was developed in the late 1970s and opened in the early 1980s.

Hindmarsh Island Monument

Hindmarsh Island Monument ( 35°30'38.59"S 138°49'45.71"E) is a monument statue dedicated to Sturt and Barker on the island, it was erected in 1930.

Hindmarsh Island Airstrip

The Hindmarsh Island Airstrip ( 35°30'19.92"S 138°51'2.48"E) was developed in the 2008, for emergency aircraft landings like the Flying Doctor Service and the Private Cessnas, the runway is hardened dirt.

Hindmarsh Island Lookout/Down Hill Track

The Hindmarsh Island Lookout (35°30'32.04"S 138°47'33.07"E) was developed in the late 1990s for a viewing point to Goolwa for the Public. It has also been used as a downhill track for mountain bike users. It was built on a hill, {{convert|10|m|abbr=off}} above sea level.

Lonely Island

Lonely Island (35°30'58.98"S 138°51'49.13"E) is the only island (Lonely Island) within an island (Hindmarsh Island) within an island (Australia) in the southern hemisphere. It is located the centre of a dried up salt lake, that does become full of water in winter.

Hindmarsh Island Weather Receiver

Hindmarsh Island Weather Receiver (35°31'10.20"S 138°49'4.17"E) is a weather receiver located adjacent to the Hindmarsh Island Marina. It provides the Bureau of Meteorology with Hindmarsh Islands weather. Surrounded by a steel fence, it is out of bounds to the general public. The weather receiver was built in 2006.

Hindmarsh Island River Murray Mouth Lookout

Hindmarsh Island River Murray Mouth Lookout (35°32'58.23"S 138°52'58.03"E) is a lookout on the south-west area of the Island. An observation of the Murray Mouth; where the river meets the ocean.

Lake Cloud

Lake Cloud (35°31'12.51"S 138°56'11.54"E) is the largest salt lake on the island. It is located on the western part of the Island.

Narnu Farm

Narnu Farm (35°30'18.17"S 138°49'50.40"E) is an award-winning family friendly holiday destination & tourist attraction located on Hindmarsh Island, the farm full of animals & an accommodation experience.

Karinga Park Homestead

Karinga Park Homestead (35°30'14.40"S 138°49'10.56"E) is a homestead, that offers accommodation and a getaway experience. It covers {{convert|20|acres|ha|order=flip}} of land, and which a majority of that space is a part of Alberto Forest.

Telstra Telephone Tower

The Telstra Telephone Tower (35°30'32.10"S,138°49'0.57"E) is an active Telstra Telephone Signal Tower that gives phone Telstra coverage for the population on Hindmarsh Island. The telephone tower is located in Alberto Forest, it increases on the hill towards the centre; this hill is the tallest point on Hindmarsh Island, which is why the Telephone Tower was built there.

Hindmarsh Island Mangroves

Hindmarsh Island Mangroves (35°32'9.81"S 138°53'17.17"E) is Hindmarsh Island's only Mangrove, it is located at southern part of the island, approximately 1.2 km north of the Mundoo Channel. It has an area of 7.5 Hectares and has a perimeter of 943 m.

Hindmarsh Island Boat Ramps

Ngarrindjeri Tribe

Ngarrindjeri Tribe (35°30'20.71"S 138°48'30.25"E) is the native Aboriginal Tribe of Hindmarsh Island. They are still present at the island, they live on a private property in Alberto Forest.

Clayton Regulator

Clayton Regulator (35°29'58.47"S 138°55'18.90"E) was a temporary sand water prevention barrage, that was constructed in 2008 during the drought to prevent water flowing out of the Murray River. It was de-constructed in late 2010.

Hindmarsh Island Cemetery

Hindmarsh Island Cemetery (35°30'35.40"S 138°51'39.31"E) is an old cemetery located in the centre of the Island, off Randell Road. The surveyor, on the 8 February 1861, fenced off 1 acre of land, expecting it to contain 630 graves. Today the cemetery is a popular attraction, some of the birth dates ranging from the late 1700s to the mid 1900s.

Ukrainian Youth Association Camp Ground

Ukrainian Youth Association Camp Ground (35°30'37.65"S 138°49'26.74"E) is a campground that is located on Randell Road. The camp site was purchased in the early 1970s and today is used by many other organizations.^[6] There is an erected cross and monument at the entrance gate. On the grounds are several buildings with kitchen and meeting facilities.

Hindmarsh Island Forests

The forests located on the island covers up to 11%. Forests are spread out over different parts of the Island. On the west side of the Island there is a West Forest (Alberto Forest)and on the east side of the Island there East Forest (Selberto Forest). The forests that are present on the Island were originally planted in the 1880s to provide sound and wind protection for the residents and also prevents erosion and destruction of the land by the southern ocean.

Alberto Forest

Alberto Forest (35°30'28.32"S, 138°48'59.26"E) is located on the west side of the Island, the northern part of Alberto Forest is the Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park (-35.503767"S, 138.814702"E). Also next to the Caravan Park is Karinga Park Homestead (35°30'14.35"S, 138°49'10.57"E) which also is a part of Alberto Forest. Other parts of the Alberto Forest collide with peoples properties. Same parts of the forest are used for timber and some of it is private land. The Alberto consists of Aleppo pines, they range from {{convert|15|-|25|m}} tall. Its main purpose was to prevent erosion of the sand dune areas.

Selberto Forest

Selberto Forest (35°30'28.00"S, 138°54'28.43"E) is located on the east side of the island, the Forest mainly collides with residents properties. The trees in Selberto Forest consist of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis). The Selberto Forest trees range from {{convert|15|-|30|m}}tall.

Animals

A wide range of biodiversity inhabits Hindmarsh Island, below is a list of animals that live on Hindmarsh Island.

Native species

This marsupial is mainly found in the forest and open grassland areas of Hindmarsh Island. These creatures are very sensitive to sound, and usually avoid humans.

These skinks feed on a wide variety of insects, land snails, flowers, fruits and berries. The lizards often hide below the pine needles in the forest or between rocks.

This species is widespread across much of Island. However it is very common along the coastline and in the forest. They often seek shade as much as they can. They are sometimes found as individual birds, but they are most often reported as a group.

The Purple swamphen Purple swamphen is commonly found along the coast of the island near reeds and ponds.

The red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a black snake with a distinctive red belly. It widely distributed on the Island. Its venom is capable of causing significant pain and numbness. The snake is hibernating in winter and is found in the forest and grasslands only in summer.

The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) is a medium-sized black and white bird native to Australia. It is found all over the Island, making it the most common bird viewed on Hindmarsh Island.

The Barn owl (Tyto alba) is an owl that is only found around the coastline of Australia. It makes a distinctive sound, when it is positioned in a high tree mostly during the night. The forests on Hindmarsh Island are a popular place for the owls to live.

The little penguin (Eudyptula minor) is the smallest species of penguin. The penguins used to be found along the south coast of the Island, until the 1970s when people where inhabiting the island, the penguins struggled for survival and eventually became extinct in the late 1970s.

Introduced species

The bull was introduced to Hindmarsh Island in the 1960s. Some of the bulls were brought in to forests and into farm areas. Bulls in the forest are normally seen sitting in the shade or eating grass amongst the trees. People are warned not to interfere with the bulls in the forest, because they could become aggressive. Bulls are widespread across the island.

The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a European rabbit that was introduced to the island in the 1950s. They can vary in colour, sometimes gray, white or even black. They can blend into their surroundings very well; they are mostly found in the forest. They are very shy animals and tend to sprint away when approached by a human.

The Red Fox has been present on the island since the 1850s, when they were introduced from Europe. They are extremely invasive creatures, and widely considered as pests. They mostly present on the southern coast of the island, where they enjoy the isolation. The Red Fox is an extremely shy animal, and will avoid humans when confronted.

Protected area and associated status

Hindmarsh Island either contains or is within the boundaries of the following areas designated for protection and similar purposes.

The Lawari Conservation Park which is located on land at the eastern end of the island overlooking the Goolwa Channel to the south and the Mundoo Channel to the east, was proclaimed on 21 March 2017.^[7]^[8] The Ramsar site known as the Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland includes the full extent of the island and its adjoining waters.^[8]