| 词条 | Hippopotamidae |
| 释义 |
This is the article on the family Hippopotamidae; for the main article on hippos, see Hippopotamus{{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|16|0}}Early Miocene-Holocene | image = Hippo pod edit.jpg | image_caption = Common hippopotamus | image2 = Choeropsis.jpg | image2_caption = Pygmy hippopotamus | taxon = Hippopotamidae | authority = Gray, 1821 | subdivision_ranks = Subtaxa | subdivision = †Trilobophorous Geze, 1985 Hippopotaminae Gray, 1821
†Kenyapotaminae Pickford, 1983
}} Hippopotamuses are stout, naked-skinned, and amphibious artiodactyl mammals, possessing three-chambered stomachs and walking on four toes on each foot. While they resemble pigs physiologically and are pseudoruminants like camels, their closest living relatives are the cetaceans. Hippopotamuses are the only living members of the family Hippopotamidae. There are two living species of hippopotamus in two genera; the pygmy hippo, Choeropsis liberiensis of the forests of west Africa, and the common hippo, Hippopotamus amphibius. CharacteristicsHippopotamuses are large mammals, with short, stumpy legs, and barrel-shaped bodies. They have large heads, with broad mouths, and nostrils placed at the top of their snouts. Like pigs, they have four toes, but unlike pigs, all of the toes are used in walking. Hippopotamids are unguligrade, although, unlike most other such animals, they have no hooves, instead using a pad of tough connective tissue on each foot. Their stomachs have three chambers, but they are not true ruminants. The living species are smooth-skinned and lack both sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The outer epidermis is relatively thin, so hippos dehydrate rapidly in dry environments.[1] Both the incisors and canines are large and tusk-like, although the canine tusks are by far the larger. The tusks grow throughout life. The postcanine teeth are large and complex, suited for chewing the plant matter that comprises their diets. The number of incisors varies even within the same species, but the general dental formula is given in the table below: {{dentition2|2–3.1.4.3|1–3.1.4.3}} Evolution{{main|Hippopotamus#Evolution|l1=Evolution of hippopotamus}}The hippopotamids are descended from the anthracotheres, a family of semiaquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls that appeared in the late Eocene, and are thought to have resembled small- or narrow-headed hippos. The hippos split off from the anthracotheres some time during the Miocene. After the appearance of the hippopotamids, the remaining anthracotheres went into a decline brought about by a combination of climatic change and competition with their descendants, until the last genus, Merycopotamus, died out in the early Pliocene of India. There were once many species of hippopotamid, but only two survive today: Hippopotamus amphibius, and Choeropsis liberiensis. They are the last survivors of two major evolutionary lineages, the hippos proper and the pygmy hippos, respectively; these lineages could arguably be considered subfamilies, but their relationship to each other - apart from being fairly distant relatives - is not well resolved. The enigmatic Miocene Kenyapotamus is insufficiently known to be assigned a place in the hippo phylogeny with any degree of certainty. In addition, the genus Hexaprotodon, in a sense now restricted to an extinct group of animals once living around the northern and northeastern Indian Ocean, which formerly included most ancient hippos, has turned out to be paraphyletic. Taxonomy{{Cetartiodactyla Cladogram}}Analogous structuresThe lower canine teeth of hippopotamids are similar in function and structure to the tusks of elephants. While hippopotamids and elephants are only very distantly related within the Mammalia, the lower canine teeth of both groups are long and have a slight curve, and species of both families use this structure when fighting. SpeciesThe systematics and taxonomy used here mostly follows the review of Boisserie (2005).[2]
References and notes1. ^{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Laws, Richard|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 506–511|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}} 2. ^Boisserie identified the species Hippopotamus minor as Phanourios minutus, but this genus is not widely recognized. Further reading
6 : Hippopotamuses|Even-toed ungulates|Mammal families|Langhian first appearances|Extant Miocene first appearances|Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
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