“HMS Collingwood (1908)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMS Collingwood was a {{sclass-|St Vincent|battleship|0}} dreadnought battleship built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. She spent her whole career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets and often served as a flagship. Prince Albert (later King George VI) spent several years aboard the ship before and during World War I. At the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, Collingwood was in the middle of the battleline and lightly damaged a German battlecruiser. Other than that battle, and the inconclusive Action of 19 August, her service during the war generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea. The ship was deemed obsolete after the war; she was reduced to reserve and used as a training ship before being sold for scrap in 1922.

Design and description

The design of the St Vincent class was derived from that of the previous {{sclass-|Bellerophon|battleship|4}}, with a slight increase in size, armour and more powerful guns, among other more minor changes. Collingwood had an overall length of {{convert|536|ft|m|1}}, a beam of {{convert|84|ft|2|in|m|1}},^[1] and a normal draught of {{convert|28|ft|m|1}}.^[2] She displaced {{convert|19700|LT|t|lk=in}} at normal load and {{convert|22800|LT|t}} at deep load. In 1911 her crew numbered 758 officers and ratings.^[3]

Armament and armour

The St Vincent class was equipped with ten breech-loading (BL) 12-inch (305 mm) Mk XI guns in five twin-gun turrets, three along the centreline and the remaining two as wing turrets. The secondary, or anti-torpedo boat, armament comprised twenty BL 4-inch (102 mm) Mk VII guns. Two of these guns were each installed on the roofs of the fore and aft centreline turrets and the wing turrets in unshielded mounts, and the other ten were positioned in the superstructure. All guns were in single mounts.^[5]{{refn|Sources disagree on the number, type and composition of the secondary armament. Burt gives only eighteen 4-inch guns and claims that they were the older quick-firing QF Mark III guns. In addition, he lists a 12-pounder (three-inch (76 mm)) gun.^[3] Preston concurs on the number of 4 inchers, but does not list the 12 pounder.^[2] Parkes says twenty 4-inch guns; while not identifying the type, he does say that they were 50-calibre guns^[5] and Gardiner & Gray agree.^[5] Friedman shows the QF Mark III as a 40-calibre gun and states that the 50-calibre BL Mark VII gun armed all of the early dreadnoughts.^[6]|group=Note}} The ships were also fitted with three 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and the third in the stern.^[2]

The St Vincent-class ships had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was {{convert|10|in|0}} thick between the fore and aftmost barbettes, reducing to a thickness of {{convert|2|in|0}} before it reached the ships' ends. Above this was a strake of armour {{convert|8|in|0}} thick. Transverse bulkheads {{convert|5|and|8|in|0}} inches thick terminated the thickest parts of the waterline and upper armour belts once they reached the outer portions of the endmost barbettes.^[7]

The three centreline barbettes were protected by armour {{convert|9|in|0}} thick above the main deck that thinned to {{convert|5|in|0}} below it. The wing barbettes were similar except that they had 10 inches of armour on their outer faces. The gun turrets had {{convert|11|in|0|adj=on}} faces and sides with {{convert|3|in|0|adj=on}} roofs. The three armoured decks ranged in thicknesses from {{convert|.75|to|3|in}}. The front and sides of the forward conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick, respectively.^[8]

Alterations

The guns on the forward turret roof were removed in 1911–1912 and the upper forward pair of guns in the superstructure were removed in 1913–1914. In addition, gun shields were fitted to all guns in the superstructure and the bridge structure was enlarged around the base of the forward tripod mast. During the first year of the war, a fire-control director was installed high on the forward tripod mast. Around the same time, the base of the forward superstructure was rebuilt to house eight 4-inch guns and the turret-top guns were removed, which reduced her secondary armament to a total of fourteen guns. In addition, a pair of 3-inch anti-aircraft (AA) guns were added.^[9]

By April 1917, Collingwood mounted thirteen 4-inch anti-torpedo boat guns as well as single 4-inch and 3-inch AA guns. Approximately {{convert|50|LT|t}} of additional deck armour had been added after the Battle of Jutland. Before the end of the war the AA guns were moved from the deckhouse between the aft turrets to the stern and the stern torpedo tube was removed. In 1918, a high-angle rangefinder was fitted and flying-off platforms were installed on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets.^[9]

Construction and career

On 19 April 1910, Collingwood was commissioned and assigned to the 1st Division of the Home Fleet under the command of Captain William Pakenham.^[12] She joined other members of the fleet in regular peacetime exercises, and on 11 February 1911 damaged her bottom plating on an uncharted rock off Ferrol. On 24 June the ship was present at the Coronation Fleet Review for King George V at Spithead.^[13] Pakenham was relieved by Captain Charles Vaughan-Lee on 1 December.^[12] On 1 May 1912, the 1st Division was renamed the 1st Battle Squadron.^[13] On 22 June, Vaughan-Lee was transferred to the battleship {{HMS|Bellerophon|1907|2}} and Captain James Ley assumed command; Vice-Admiral Stanley Colville hoisted his flag in Collingwood as commander of the 1st Battle Squadron.^[12] The ship participated in the Parliamentary Naval Review on 9 July at Spithead before beginning a refit late in the year. In March 1913, Collingwood and the 1st Battle Squadron undertook a port visit to Cherbourg, France.^[14] Midshipman Prince Albert (later King George VI) was assigned to the ship on 15 September 1913.^[15] Collingwood hosted Albert's older brother, Edward, Prince of Wales, during a short cruise on 18 April 1914. She became a private ship when Colville hauled down his flag on 22 June.^[14]

World War I

Between 17 and 20 July, Collingwood took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Arriving in Portland on 27 July, she was ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow two days later^[14] to safeguard the fleet from a possible German surprise attack.^[16] In August 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe.^[17] Most of it was briefly based (22 October to 3 November) at Lough Swilly, Ireland, while the defences at Scapa were strengthened. On the evening of 22 November 1914, the Grand Fleet conducted a fruitless sweep in the southern half of the North Sea; Collingwood stood with the main body in support of Vice-Admiral David Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. The fleet was back in port in Scapa Flow by 27 November.^[18] The 1st Battle Squadron cruised north-west of the Shetland Islands and conducted gunnery practice on 8–12 December. Four days later, the Grand Fleet sortied during the German raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, but failed to make contact with the High Seas Fleet. Collingwood and the rest of the Grand Fleet conducted another sweep of the North Sea on 25–27 December.^[19]

The Grand Fleet, including Collingwood, conducted gunnery drills on 10–13 January 1915 west of the Orkneys and Shetlands. On the evening of 23 January, the bulk of the Grand Fleet sailed in support of Beatty's battlecruisers, but Collingwood and the rest of the fleet did not participate in the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank the following day.^[20] The ship sailed for Portsmouth Royal Dockyard on 2 February to begin a brief refit and returned on 18 February.^[21] On 7–10 March, the Grand Fleet conducted a sweep in the northern North Sea, during which it conducted training manoeuvres. Another such cruise took place on 16–19 March.^[22] From 25 March to 14 April 1915, Rear-Admiral Hugh Evan-Thomas temporarily hoisted his flag aboard Collingwood.^[23] On 11 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April; another patrol in the area took place on 17–19 April, followed by gunnery drills off the Shetlands on 20–21 April.^[24]

The Grand Fleet conducted sweeps into the central North Sea on 17–19 May and 29–31 May without encountering any German vessels. During 11–14 June the fleet conducted gunnery practice and battle exercises west of the Shetlands.^[25] Collingwood was briefly docked at Invergordon from 23 to 25 June. King George V inspected the ship on 8 July,^[23] and the Grand Fleet conducted training off the Shetlands beginning three days later.^[26] Rear-Admiral Ernest Gaunt temporarily used Collingwood as his flagship from 24 August to 24 September and from 10 December to 16 January 1916.^[27] On 2–5 September 1915, the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea and conducted gunnery drills. Throughout the rest of the month, the Grand Fleet conducted numerous training exercises. The ship, together with the majority of the Grand Fleet, conducted another sweep into the North Sea from 13 to 15 October. Almost three weeks later, Collingwood participated in another fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November.^[28] On 21 November, she sailed for Devonport Royal Dockyard for a minor overhaul and arrived back at Scapa on 9 December.^[29]

The Grand Fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February 1916; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Heligoland Bight, but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting destroyers. On the night of 25 March, Collingwood and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on Lowestoft. The Grand Fleet arrived in the area after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea.^[30]

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the German High Seas Fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 6 light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats, departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response, the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.^[31] Collingwood was the eighteenth ship from the head of the battle line after the Grand Fleet deployed for battle.^[14]

The initial action was fought primarily by the British and German battlecruiser formations in the afternoon, but by 18:00,^[32] the Grand Fleet approached the scene. Fifteen minutes later, Jellicoe gave the order to turn and deploy the fleet for action. The transition from cruising formation caused congestion with the rear divisions, forcing many ships to reduce speed to {{convert|8|kn}} to avoid colliding with each other. During the first stage of the general engagement, Collingwood fired eight salvos from her main guns at the crippled light cruiser {{SMS|Wiesbaden}} from 18:32, although the number of hits made, if any, is unknown. Her secondary armament then engaged the destroyer {{SMS|G42}}, which was attempting to come to Wiesbaden{{'}}s assistance, but failed to hit her. At 19:15 Collingwood fired two salvoes of high explosive (HE) shells at the battlecruiser {{SMS|Derfflinger}}, hitting her target once before she disappeared into the mist. The shell detonated in the German ship's sickbay and damaged the surrounding superstructure. Shortly afterwards, during the attack of the German destroyers around 19:20, the ship fired her main armament at a damaged destroyer without success and dodged two torpedoes that missed by {{convert|10|yd}} behind and {{convert|30|yd}} in front. This was the last time she fired her guns during the battle.^[33]

Following the German destroyer attack, the High Seas Fleet disengaged, and Collingwood and the rest of the Grand Fleet saw no further action in the battle. This was, in part, due to confusion aboard the fleet flagship over the exact location and course of the German fleet; without this information, Jellicoe could not bring his fleet to action. At 21:30, the Grand Fleet began to reorganise into its night-time cruising formation. Early on the morning of 1 June, the Grand Fleet combed the area, looking for damaged German ships, but after spending several hours searching, they found none. Collingwood fired a total of 52 armour-piercing, capped and 32 HE shells from her main armament and 35 four-inch shells during the battle.^[34] Prince Albert was a sub-lieutenant commanding the forward turret during the battle and sat in the open on the turret roof during a lull in the action.^[35]

Subsequent activity

After the battle the ship was transferred to the 4th Battle Squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee, who inspected Collingwood on 8 August 1916.^[36] The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions.^[37]

In January 1919, Collingwood was transferred to Devonport and assigned to the Reserve Fleet. Upon the dissolution of the Grand Fleet on 18 March, the Reserve Fleet was redesignated the Third Fleet and Collingwood became its flagship. She became a tender to HMS Vivid on 1 October and served as a gunnery and wireless telegraphy (W/T) training ship. The W/T school was transferred to Glorious on 1 June 1920 and the gunnery duties followed in early August; Collingwood returned to the reserve. She became a boys' training ship on 22 September 1921 until she was paid off on 31 March 1922. Collingwood was sold to John Cashmore Ltd for scrap on 12 December and arrived at Newport, Wales, on 3 March 1923 to be broken up.^[40]

Relics

Footnotes

1. ^Burt, pp. 75–76
2. ^¹²Preston, p. 125
3. ^¹²Burt, p. 76
4. ^Burt, pp. 76, 80
5. ^Gardiner & Gray, p. 23
6. ^Friedman, pp. 97–98
7. ^Burt, pp. 76, 78; Parkes, p. 503
8. ^Burt, pp. 76, 78; Parkes, p. 504
9. ^¹Burt, p. 81
10. ^Silverstone, p. 223
11. ^¹²Parkes, p. 503
12. ^¹²Brady, Part One, p. 29
13. ^¹²Burt, p. 86
14. ^¹²³Burt, p. 88
15. ^Judd, p. 28
16. ^Massie, pp. 15–20
17. ^Gardiner & Gray, p. 32
18. ^Jellicoe, pp. 163–65
19. ^Brady, Part One, p. 32; Jellicoe, pp. 172, 179, 183–84
20. ^Jellicoe, pp. 190, 194–96
21. ^Brady, Part One, p. 32
22. ^Jellicoe, p. 206
23. ^¹Brady, Part One, p. 33
24. ^Jellicoe, pp. 211–12
25. ^Jellicoe, pp. 217, 218–19, 221–22
26. ^Jellicoe, p. 228
27. ^Brady, Part One, pp. 33–34
28. ^Jellicoe, pp. 243, 246, 250, 253
29. ^Brady, Part One, p. 34
30. ^Jellicoe, pp. 271, 275, 279–80, 284, 286–90
31. ^Tarrant, pp. 54–55, 57–58
32. ^The times used in this section are in UT, one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.
33. ^Campbell, pp. 37, 116, 146, 157, 205, 208, 212, 214, 229–30
34. ^Campbell, pp. 256, 274, 309–10, 346, 348, 358
35. ^Gordon, pp. 454, 459
36. ^Brady, Part Two, p. 19
37. ^Halpern, pp. 330–32
38. ^Brady, Part Two, pp. 19–22
39. ^Massie, p. 748
40. ^¹Brady, Part Two, pp. 23–24
41. ^Gordon, p. 417