| 词条 | Home Fleet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|unit_name=Home Fleet |image=Home Fleet 1904-05.jpg |image_size=300px |caption=HMS Neptune leading the Home Fleet before the First World War |dates=1902–1904, 1907–1914, 1932–1967 |country={{UK}} |allegiance= |branch= Royal Navy |type=Fleet |role= |size= |command_structure= |garrison= |nickname= |patron= |motto= |colors= |mascot= |battles= |notable_commanders=George Callaghan, John Tovey, Bruce Fraser |anniversaries= }} The Home Fleet was a fleet of the Royal Navy that operated in the United Kingdom's territorial waters from 1902 with intervals until 1967. Before the First World War, it consisted of the four Port Guard ships.{{which|date=August 2017}} During the First World War, it comprised some of the older ships of the Royal Navy. During the Second World War, it was the Royal Navy's main battle force in European waters. Pre-First World War{{Infobox command structure| name = Structure: Pre-First World War [1] | date =1902-1912 | parent = British Fleet | subordinate =
}} HistoryOn 1 October 1902, the Admiral Superintendent Naval Reserves, then Vice-Admiral Gerard Noel, was given the additional appointment of Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, and allotted a rear-admiral to serve under him as commander of the Home Squadron.[2] "... the nucleus of the Home Fleet would consist of the four Port Guard ships, which would be withdrawn from their various scattered dockyards and turned into a unified and permanent sea-going command – the Home Squadron – based on Portland. Also under the direction of the commander-in-chief of the Home Fleet would be the Coast Guard ships, which would continue to be berthed for the most part in their respective district harbours in order to carry out their local duties, but would join the Home Squadron for sea work at least three times per year, at which point the assembled force – the Home Squadron and the Coast Guard vessels – would be known collectively as the Home Fleet."[3] Rear-Admiral George Atkinson-Willes was Second-in-Command of the Home Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Empress of India, at this time.[4] In May 1903 Noel was succeeded as Commander-in-Chief by Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson.[5] On 14 December 1904, the Channel Fleet was re-styled the Atlantic Fleet and the Home Fleet became the Channel Fleet.[6] In 1907, the Home Fleet was reformed with Vice-Admiral Francis Bridgeman in command, succeeded by Admiral Sir William May in 1909. Bridgeman took command again in 1911, and in the same year was succeeded by Admiral Sir George Callaghan. On 29 March 1912, a new structure of the fleet was announced, which came into force on 1 May 1912. The former Home Fleet, which was organised into four divisions, was divided into the First, Second and Third Fleets as Home Fleets.[7] The Home Fleets were the Navy's unified home commands in British waters from 1912 to 1914.[8] On 4 August 1914, as the First World War was breaking out, John Jellicoe was ordered to take command of the Fleet, which by his appointment order was renamed the Grand Fleet. Commander-in-Chief, Home FleetPost holders during the pre-war period were:[9]
Second in commandPost holders included:[12]
Chief of staffPost holders included:[13]
Fleet divided into divisionsNote: There was no Home Fleet between 1905 and 1907 remaining ships at a lesser state of readiness were split into three reserve divisions: Devonport Division, Nore Division, and Portsmouth Division [14] Unified command Home Fleets{{Infobox command structure| name = Structure: unified Home Fleets [15] | date =1912-1914 | parent = British Fleet | subordinate =
}} The Home Fleets were a new organisation of the Royal Navy's unified home commands (First, Second and Third, Fleets) instituted on 31 July 1912 to December 1914. The Commander-in-Chiefs of the three home commands reported to the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleets. Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleets
Second in commandPost holders included:[17]
On 8 August 1914 units of the Home Fleets were distributed in accordance with Admiralty Fleet Order the majority of elements formed the new Grand Fleet others were assigned to the following units: Channel Fleet, Northern Patrol-Cruiser Force B, 7th Cruiser Squadron-Cruiser Force, 11th Cruiser Squadron-Cruiser Force E, Dover Patrol, Harwich Flotillas, 7th Destroyer Flotilla, 8th Destroyer Flotilla, 9th Destroyer Flotilla, 5th Submarine Flotilla, 6th Submarine Flotilla, 7th Submarine Flotilla and the 8th Submarine Flotilla.[18] Inter-war period{{Infobox command structure| name = Structure:interwar period [19] | date =1919-1939 | parent = British Fleet | subordinate =
}} HistoryWhen the Grand Fleet was disbanded in April 1919, the more powerful ships were reformed into the Atlantic Fleet and the older ships were reformed into the "Home Fleet"; this arrangement lasted until Autumn 1919, when the ships of the Home Fleet became the Reserve Fleet. The name "Home Fleet" was resurrected in March 1932, as the new name for the Atlantic Fleet, following the Invergordon Mutiny.[20] The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet in 1933 was Admiral Sir John Kelly. The Home Fleet comprised the flagship {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}} leading a force that included the 2nd Battle Squadron (five more battleships), the Battlecruiser Squadron ({{HMS|Hood|51|2}} and {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}}), the 2nd Cruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral Edward Astley-Rushton), CB, CMG aboard {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|2}} (three cruisers), three destroyer flotillas (27), a submarine flotilla (six), two aircraft carriers and associated vessels.[21] Commander-in-Chief, Home FleetPost holders during the inter-war period were:[22]
Second World War{{Infobox command structure| name = Structure: second world war [23] | date = 1939-1945 | parent = British Fleet | subordinate =
}} HistoryThe Home Fleet was the Royal Navy's main battle force in European waters during the Second World War. On 3 September 1939, under Admiral Forbes flying his flag in {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}} at Scapa Flow, it consisted of the 2nd Battle Squadron, the Battle Cruiser Squadron, 18th Cruiser Squadron, Rear-Admiral, Destroyers, Rear-Admiral, Submarines (2nd Submarine Flotilla, Dundee, 6th Submarine Flotilla, Blyth, Northumberland), Vice-Admiral, Aircraft Carriers (Vice-Admiral L.V. Wells, with {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}}, {{HMS|Furious|47|2}}, and Pegasus), and the Orkney and Shetlands force.[24] Its chief responsibility was to keep Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine from breaking out of the North Sea. For this purpose, the First World War base at Scapa Flow was reactivated as it was well placed for interceptions of ships trying to run the blockade. The two most surprising losses of the Home Fleet during the early part of the war were the sinking of the old battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|2}} by the German submarine {{GS|U-47|1938|2}} while supposedly safe in Scapa Flow, and the loss of the pride of the Navy, the battlecruiser {{HMS|Hood|51|2}}, to the German battleship {{Ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}}. The operational areas of the Home Fleet were not circumscribed, and units were detached to other zones quite freely. However, the southern parts of the North Sea and the English Channel were made separate commands for light forces, and the growing intensity of the Battle of the Atlantic led to the creation of Western Approaches Command. Only with the destruction of the German battleship {{Ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}} in 1944 did the Home Fleet assume a lower priority, and most of its heavy units were withdrawn to be sent to the Far East. Commander-in-Chief, Home FleetPost holders during the Second World War were:[25][26][27]
Second in commandPost holders included:[28]
Post-Second World WarHistory{{Infobox command structure| name = Structure: post-Second World War [29] | date = 1946–1967 | parent = British Fleet | subordinate =
}} After the Second World War, the Home Fleet took back all of its peacetime responsibilities for the Royal Navy forces in home waters and also in the North and South Atlantic. With the Cold War, greater emphasis was placed on protecting the North Atlantic from the Soviet Union in concert with other countries as part of NATO. Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor supervised combined Western Union exercises involving ships from the British, French, and Dutch navies in June–July 1949. Admiral McGrigor flew his flag from the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Implacable|R86|2}}. Also taking part in the exercises were {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}} and {{HMS|Anson|79|2}}, along with cruisers and destroyers. During the exercise, the combined force paid a visit to Mount's Bay in Cornwall from 30 June – 4 July 1949.[30] Admiral Sir Philip Vian, who was Commander-in-Chief from 1950 to 1952, flew his flag in {{HMS|Vanguard|23|2}}.[31] In late 1951, {{HMS|Theseus|R64|2}} joined the fleet as flagship of the 3rd Aircraft Carrier Squadron.[32] From 1947 to 1957 superfluous battleships and aircraft carriers were assigned to the Home Fleet Training Squadron headquartered at Portland Dockyard to provide basic training. The carriers stationed here were mobilised as helicopter carriers for the Suez operation in 1956. In December 1951 the Admiralty authorised the creation of a new Heavy Squadron to be assigned to the Home Fleet it consisted of a battleship HMS Vanguard aircraft carriers and cruisers.[33] Its commanding officer was known as Flag Officer, Aircraft Carriers who had administrative responsibility for all the operational carriers the squadron was disbanded October 1954 [34] The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, gained an additional NATO responsibility as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic, as part of SACLANT, when the NATO military command structure was established in 1953 at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London. The Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet still flew his flag however in {{HMS|Tyne|F24|2}} at Portsmouth. During Exercise Mainbrace in 1952, NATO naval forces came together for the first time to practice the defence of northern Europe; Denmark and Norway. The resulting McMahon Act difficulties caused by potential British control of the United States Navy's attack carriers armed with nuclear weapons led to the creation of a separate Striking Fleet Atlantic, directly responsible to the commander of the U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet, in his NATO position as SACLANT, by the end of 1952.[35] The submarine tender {{HMS|Maidstone|1937|2}} was the fleet's flagship in 1956. In 1960, C-in-C Home Fleet moved to Northwood, and in 1966 the NATO Channel Command (a post also held by C-in-C Home Fleet) moved to Northwood from Portsmouth.[36] In February 1963 all remaining frigate and destroyer squadrons in the Home, Mediterranean and Far East Fleets were merged into new Escort Squadrons.[37] In April 1963, the naval unit at the Northwood Headquarters was commissioned as HMS Warrior under the command of the then Captain of the Fleet. In December 1966 all remaining squadrons in the Home Fleet were disbanded.[38] In 1967 the Home Fleet was amalgamated with the Mediterranean Fleet. With its area of responsibility greatly increased and no longer being just responsible for the defence of home waters of the UK, the name of the fleet was changed to the Western Fleet (1967-1971) and no squadrons existed in that Fleet.[39] Thus the famous, historic name of the Home Fleet was consigned to history. Commander-in-Chief, Home FleetPost holders after the Second World War were:[40][41]
Notes1. ^Smith.2015. {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}2. ^Matthew S. Seligmann, A prelude to the reforms of Admiral Sir John Fisher: the creation of the Home Fleet, 1902–3{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Historical Research, 2009 3. ^Seligmann 2009, drawing upon T.N.A.: P.R.O., ADM 1/7606, docket Coast Guard, 24 March 1902, proposal by Sir Gerard Noel, 14 May 1902, and memorandum by Lord Walter Kerr, 17 May 1902. 4. ^Seligmann 2009 5. ^Heathcote, p. 195 6. ^National Archives record searches 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Harley|first1=Simon|last2=Lovell|first2=Tony|title=Home Fleets (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Home_Fleets_(Royal_Navy)|website=www.dreadnoughtproject.org|publisher=Harley & Lovell, 22 August 2017|language=en}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Harley|first1=Simon|last2=Lovell|first2=Tony|title=Home Fleets (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Home_Fleets_(Royal_Navy)|website=www.dreadnoughtproject.org|publisher=Harley & Lovell, 22 August 2017|language=en}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Harley|first1=Simon|last2=Lovell|first2=Tony|title=Home Fleet (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Home_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)#A_Post-War_Home_Fleet.2C_1919|website=www.dreadnoughtproject.org|publisher=Harley & Lovell, 12 May 2015|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=en}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=October 1913|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=87|chapter=Flag Officers - Vice Admirals}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=October 1913|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=87|chapter=Flag Officers - Vice Admirals}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie December 2107|accessdate=29 December 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie. p.134. December 2107|accessdate=16 February 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Dr Graham|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployments 1900-1914: January 1905-February 1907|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1900-14.htm#2|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Graham Smith, 8 August 2015|accessdate=1 January 2018}} 15. ^Smith.2015. 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=H.M.|title=The Navy List|date=October 1913|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=87|chapter=Flag Officers - Vice Admirals}} 17. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie December 2107|accessdate=29 December 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Dr Graham|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1914-1918: The Home Fleets were distributed in accordance with Admiralty Fleet Order dated 8th August 1914|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1914-1918.htm#home|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Graham Smith, 27 October 2015|accessdate=29 December 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Gordon|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1919-1939|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1919-39.htm|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Gordon Smith, 2 September 2015|accessdate=30 December 2017}} 20. ^{{cite book|last1=Marder|first1=Arthur|title=From the Dardanelles to Oran: Studies of the Royal Navy in War and Peace 1915-1914|date=2015|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|isbn=9781473849273|page=48|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=Gp9ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=The+home+fleet+interwar+period&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYkp2yiLHYAhVIo48KHVrYBYUQ6AEISDAG#v=onepage&q=The%20home%20fleet%20interwar%20period&f=false|language=en}} 21. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/scs028a/HomeFleet.html&date=2009-10-26+02:13:57 Home Fleet listing for 1933] 22. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie, December 2017|accessdate=28 December 2017}} 23. ^{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Dr Graham|title=Royal Navy Orgnisation in World War 2, 1939-1945|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1939-45.htm|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Graham Smith, 19 September 2015|accessdate=30 December 2017}} 24. ^Leo Niehorster, Home Fleet, 3 September 1939, accessed January 2009 25. ^Whitaker's Almanacks 1939 - 1945 26. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie, December 2017|accessdate=28 December 2017}} 27. ^Unit Histories, accessed July 2009 28. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie, p.133, December 2107|accessdate=29 December 2017}} 29. ^Watson.2015. 30. ^Visit of the Combined Western Union Fleet to Mount’s Bay 30 June to 4 July 31. ^Biography: Philip Vian {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715042735/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_philip_vian.htm |date=15 July 2008 }} Royal Naval Museum, accessed November 2009 32. ^Naval-history.net, HMS Theseus, accessed October 2011 33. ^{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Dr Graham|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1947-2013.htm#2|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Gordon Smith, 12 July 2015|accessdate=30 December 2017}} 34. ^Watson.2015. 35. ^Sean Maloney, Securing Command of the Sea, Masters' thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1992, p.234-247 36. ^Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), Northwood Headquarters, accessed July 2009 37. ^Watson.2015. 38. ^Watson.2015. 39. ^Watson.2015. 40. ^Whitaker's Almanacks 1945–1963 41. ^{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin|publisher=Colin Mackie December 2017|accessdate=29 December 2017}} Sources
Further reading
External links
10 : Fleets of the Royal Navy|Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War I|Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II|Military units and formations established in 1902|Military units and formations disestablished in 1904|Military units and formations established in 1932|Military units and formations disestablished in 1967|1902 establishments in the United Kingdom|Royal Navy|Admiralty during World War II |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。