| 词条 | Humanitarianism |
| 释义 |
Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to better humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons. It is the philosophical belief in movement toward the improvement of the human race in a variety of areas, used to describe a wide number of activities relating specifically to human welfare. A practitioner is known as a humanitarian. An informal ideologyHumanitarianism is an informal ideology of practice; it is "the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare."[1] Humanitarianism is based on a view that all human beings deserve respect and dignity and should be treated as such. Therefore, humanitarians work towards advancing the well-being of humanity as a whole. It is the antithesis of the "us vs. them" mentality that characterizes tribalism and ethnic nationalism. Humanitarians abhor slavery, violation of basic and human rights, and discrimination on the basis of features such as skin colour, religion, ancestry, or place of birth. Humanitarianism drives people to save lives, alleviate suffering, and promote human dignity in the middle of man-made or natural disasters. Humanitarianism is embraced by movements and people across the political spectrum. The informal ideology can be summed up by a quote from Albert Schweitzer: "Humanitarianism consists in never sacrificing a human being to a purpose." A universal doctrineJean Pictet, in his commentary on The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross, argues for the universal characteristics of humanitarianism: The wellspring of the principle of humanity is in the essence of social morality which can be summed up in a single sentence, Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them. This fundamental precept can be found, in almost identical form, in all the great religions, Brahminism, Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Islam, Judaism and Taoism. It is also the golden rule of the positivists, who do not commit themselves to any religion but only to the data of experience, in the name of reason alone. It is indeed not at all necessary to resort to affective or transcendental concepts to recognize the advantage for men to work together to improve their lot.[2] Historical examplesHistorically, humanitarianism was publicly seen in the social reforms of the late 1800s and early 1900s, following the economic turmoil of the Industrial Revolution in England. Many of the women in Great Britain who were involved with feminism during the 1900s also pushed humanitarianism. The atrocious hours and working conditions of children and unskilled laborers were made illegal by pressure on Parliament by humanitarians. The Factory Act of 1833 and the Factory Act of 1844 were some of the most significant humanitarian bills passed in Parliament following the Industrial Revolution. In the middle of the 19th century, humanitarianism was central to the work of Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant in emergency response and in the latter case led to the founding of the Red Cross. Emergency responseToday, humanitarianism is particularly used to describe the thinking and doctrines behind the emergency response to humanitarian crises. In such cases it argues for a humanitarian response based on humanitarian principles, particularly the principle of humanity. Nicholas de Torrente, Executive Director of MSF-USA writes:
Digital humanitarianism{{See also|Digital Humanitarian Network|Internet activism|Relief 2.0}}Patrick Meier, first started using the term 'digital humanitarianism' after crowdmapping for the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[4][5][6] In 2011, Paul Conneally gave a TED talk on digital humanitarianism in which he states that humanitarianism's "origins are firmly routed in the analogue age" with "a major shift coming".[7][8] In 2015 he authored the book Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data Is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response. Vincent Fevrier notes that "social media can benefit the humanitarian sector [...] by providing information to give better situational awareness to organisations for broad strategic planning and logistics" and that "crisis mapping really emerged in 2010 during the Haiti earthquake" with "software and digital humanitarian platforms such as Standby Task Force, OpenStreetMap, and many others" being active during many disasters since then.[9] In fact, the role of social media in digital humanitarian efforts is a considerable one. During the summer of 2010, when open fires raged across Russia, causing many to die from smog inhalation,[10] the use of social media allowed digital humanitarians to map the areas in need of support. This is because Russians who were hoping to be evacuated were posting online about the conditions they were in which prompted thousands of Russian bloggers to coordinate relief efforts online.[10] The digital humanitarian efforts in Russia were crucial to responding to the fires in 2010 considering the Russian government was vastly unprepared to deal with such a large-scale disaster.[10] Within digital humanitarianism, big data has featured strongly in efforts to improve digital humanitarian work and produces a limited understanding of how a crisis is unfolding. It has been argued that Big Data is constitutive of a social relation in which digital humanitarians claim both the formal humanitarian sector and victims of crises need the services and labor that can be provided by digital humanitarians.[11] Earlier in 2005, a question was raised as to whether Wikipedia can be seen as digital humanitarianism.[12][13] See also{{Wiktionary|humanitarianism}}
External links
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=humanitarianism&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=|title="humanitarianism." WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. 2 June 2007|publisher=}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=Redalert2fan |fix-attempted=yes }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/EA08067453343B76C1256D2600383BC4?OpenDocument&Style=Custo_Final.3&View=defaultBody3#a5|title=International Committee of the Red Cross|date=3 October 2013|publisher=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss17/index.shtml|title=Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal -|website=www.law.harvard.edu}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Shringarpure|first1=Bhakti|title=The rise of the digital saviour: can Facebook likes change the world?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/18/digital-saviour-saving-lives-internet-age-save-darfur|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=6 January 2017|date=18 June 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Crisis Mapping Pioneer Focuses On Humanitarian Uses For Drones|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/29/495992706/crisis-mapping-pioneer-focuses-on-humanitarian-uses-for-drones|publisher=NPR|accessdate=6 January 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Meier|first1=Patrick|title=How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/02/crisis-mapping-haiti/|publisher=National Geographic Society (blogs)|accessdate=6 January 2017|date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211043039/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/02/crisis-mapping-haiti/|archive-date=11 February 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Digital Humanitarianism|url=https://olc.worldbank.org/content/digital-humanitarianism|publisher=World Bank Group|accessdate=6 January 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Katie|title=How AI, Twitter and digital volunteers are transforming humanitarian disaster response|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/digital-humanitarianism|publisher=WIRED UK|accessdate=6 January 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Illingworth|first1=Sarah|title=Is Digital Humanitarianism All Good?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sarah-illingworth/is-digital-humanitarianis_b_9612576.html|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=6 January 2017|date=5 April 2016}} 10. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Digital Humanitarians|last=Meier|first=Patrick|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=|location=New York|pages=49}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=Ryan|title=Rethinking big data in digital humanitarianism: practices, epistemologies, and social relations|journal=GeoJournal|date=9 October 2014|volume=80|issue=4|pages=477–490|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9599-x|url=https://burnsr77.github.io/assets/uploads/burns_rethinking_big_data.pdf|accessdate=6 January 2017}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Pink|first1=Daniel H.|title=The Book Stops Here|url=https://www.wired.com/2005/03/wiki/|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=6 January 2017}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Koerner|first1=Brendan I.|title=The Best of Technology Writing 2006|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472031953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWlhWVD4gdYC&pg=PA108|accessdate=6 January 2017|language=en}} Further reading{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
|author=Minear, Larry |title=The Humanitarian Enterprise: Dilemmas and Discoveries |publisher=Kumarian Press |location=West Hartford, Conn |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=1-56549-149-1 |oclc= |doi= }}
| last = Pictet | first = Jean | coauthors = | title = The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross: a commentary | work = | publisher = | year = 1979 | url = http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/5mje9n | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-07-13}}
3 : Humanitarian aid|Applied ethics|Ethical theories |
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