| 词条 | IAS machine |
| 释义 |
The IAS machine was the first electronic computer to be built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey. It is sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction.[1] The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both conceived and implemented by others.[2] The computer is in the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History but is not currently on display.[3] HistoryJulian Bigelow was hired as chief engineer in May 1946.[4]Hewitt Crane, Herman Goldstine, Gerald Estrin, Arthur Burks, George W. Brown and Willis Ware also worked on the project.[5]The machine was in limited operation in the summer of 1951 and fully operational on June 10, 1952.[5][6][7] It was in operation until July 15, 1958.[8] DescriptionThe IAS machine was a binary computer with a 40-bit word, storing two 20-bit instructions in each word. The memory was 1,024 words (5.1 kilobytes). Negative numbers were represented in "two's complement" format. It had two general-purpose registers available: the Accumulator (AC) and Multiplier/Quotient (MQ). It used 1,700 vacuum tubes (triode types: 6J6, 5670, 5687, a few diodes: type 6AL5, 150 pentodes to drive the memory CRTs, and the 40 memory CRTs).[9] The memory was originally designed for about 2,300 RCA Selectron vacuum tubes. Problems with the development of these complex tubes forced the switch to Williams tubes. It weighed about {{Convert|1000|lb|kg}}.[10] It was an asynchronous machine, meaning that there was no central clock regulating the timing of the instructions. One instruction started executing when the previous one finished. The addition time was 62 microseconds and the multiplication time was 713 microseconds. Although some claim the IAS machine was the first design to mix programs and data in a single memory, that had been implemented four years earlier by the 1948 Manchester Baby.[11] Also MESM became operational prior to the IAS machine. Von Neumann showed how the combination of instructions and data in one memory could be used to implement loops, by modifying branch instructions when a loop was completed, for example. The requirement that instructions, data and input/output be accessed via the same bus later came to be known as the Von Neumann bottleneck. IAS machine derivativesPlans for the IAS machine were widely distributed to any schools, businesses, or companies interested in computing machines, resulting in the construction of several derivative computers referred to as "IAS machines," although they were not software compatible in the modern sense.[12] Some of these "IAS machines" were:[13]
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=The IAS Computer, 1952 |publisher= National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_334741 }} 2. ^{{cite book |title= Computer Organization |author1= D. A.Godse |author2= A. P.Godse |pages= 3–9 |publisher= Technical Publications |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-81-8431-772-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIHgbyyEIHoC&pg=PA3 }} 3. ^Smithsonian IAS webpage 4. ^{{cite news |title= Julian Bigelow, 89, Mathematician and Computer Pioneer |author= John Markoff |date= February 22, 2003 |newspaper= The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/22/business/julian-bigelow-89-mathematician-and-computer-pioneer.html }} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Herman|title=The Computer: From Pascal to von Neumann|year=1972|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=0-691-02367-0|page=317-318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FvELn2KiUYC&lpg=PA31&dq=0691023670&hl=en&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q=ias%201952&f=false}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmPaAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA310&dq=%22ias%22%20Computer%201951%20operation&hl=en&pg=PA310#v=onepage&q=%22ias%22%20Computer%201951%20operation&f=false|title=John Von Neumann: The Scientific Genius who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More|last=Macrae|first=Norman|date=1999|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|year=|isbn=9780821826768|location=|pages=310|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite journal|title=Automatic Computing Machinery: News - Institute for Advanced Study|journal=Mathematics of Computation|date=Oct 1952|volume=6|issue=40|pages=245–246|doi=10.1090/S0025-5718-52-99384-8|url=https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-52-99384-8|issn=0025-5718}} 8. ^{{citation | first = George | last = Dyson | contribution = George Dyson at the birth of the computer | title = TED (Technology Entertainment Design) | publisher = TED Conferences, LLC | date = March 2003 | contribution-url = http://www.ted.com/talks/george_dyson_at_the_birth_of_the_computer.html | format = Video | accessdate = 2012-03-21}} 9. ^The history and development of the electronic computer project at the Institute for Advanced Study. Ware. 1953 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-i.html#IAS|title=IAS|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=December 1955|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computer50.org/mark1/new.baby.html|title=Manchester Baby Computer|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604211339/http://www.computer50.org/mark1/new.baby.html|archivedate=2012-06-04|df=}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.ias.edu/people/vonneumann/ecp/ |title=Electronic Computer Project |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study |accessdate=May 26, 2011}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102693640|title=The IAS computer family scrapbook {{!}} 102693640 {{!}} Computer History Museum|last=|first=|date=2003|website=www.computerhistory.org|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-05-23}} 14. ^*{{cite book |title=Circle Computer: A General-purpose Digital Computer for Science & Engineering. {{!}} Selling the Computer Revolution {{!}} Computer History Museum |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/doc-4372957177960/ |language=en}}*{{cite book |title=Circle Computer: The low-cost general-purpose computer for science and industry. {{!}} Selling the Computer Revolution {{!}} Computer History Museum |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/doc-437295716dd24/ |language=en}} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Commercially Available General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price: THE CIRCLE COMPUTER |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html#p18}} 16. ^IAS type machine*{{cite journal |title=Automatic Computing Machinery: Technical Developments - THE CIRCLE COMPUTER |journal=Mathematics of Computation |date=1953 |volume=7 |issue=44 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1090/S0025-5718-53-99352-1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-53-99352-1 |issn=0025-5718}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-a-d.html#CIRCLE|title=CIRCLE|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=Dec 1955|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems}} 18. ^*{{cite journal |title=COMPUTERS: 9. The Circle Computer |journal=DIGITAL COMPUTER NEWSLETTER |date=Jan 1954 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5-6 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/onr/Digital_Computer_Newsletter/ |language=en}}*{{cite journal |title=COMPUTERS: 13. Circle Computer|journal=DIGITAL COMPUTER NEWSLETTER |date=Jul 1954 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=8-9 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0694613 |language=en}} 19. ^1 Turing's Cathedral, by George Dyson, 2012, p. 287 Further reading
External links
2 : IAS architecture computers|Vacuum tube computers |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。