“IBM Research”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame, 19 National Medals of Technology, five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes.^[2]

As of 2018, the company has generated more patents than any other business in each of 25 consecutive years, which is a record.^[3]

History

The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University.^[4] This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County, New York starting in the 1950s,^[5]^[6] including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961.^[5]^[6]

Advances

Notable company inventions include the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, DRAM, copper wiring in semiconductors, the smartphone, the portable computer, the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, Watson artificial intelligence^[7] and the Quantum Experience.

Advances in nanotechnology include IBM in atoms, where a scanning tunneling microscope was used to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company acronym. It was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface.^[8]

Applications

Major undertakings at IBM Research have included the invention of innovative materials and structures, high-performance microprocessors and computers, analytical methods and tools, algorithms, software architectures, methods for managing, searching and deriving meaning from data and in turning IBM's advanced services methodologies into reusable assets.

IBM Research's numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences include the Scanning Tunneling Microscope and high temperature superconductivity, both of which were awarded the Nobel Prize. IBM Research was behind the inventions of the SABRE travel reservation system, the technology of laser eye surgery, magnetic storage, the relational database, UPC barcodes and Watson, the question-answering computing system that won a match against human champions on the Jeopardy! television quiz show. The Watson technology is now being commercialized as part of a project with healthcare company Anthem Inc..

Notable IBM Research computer scientists

There are a number of computer scientists "who made IBM Research famous."^[9] These include Frances E. Allen,^[10] Marc Auslander, John Backus,^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist), Erich Bloch,^[17] Grady Booch,

^[21]^[22] Fred Brooks (known for his book The Mythical Man-Month),^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] Peter Brown,^[27] Larry Carter,^[28]^[29] Gregory Chaitin, John Cocke, Alan Cobham,^[30] Edgar F. Codd, Don Coppersmith, Ronald Fagin, Horst Feistel, Jeanne Ferrante, Zvi Galil, Ralph E. Gomory, Jim Gray, Joseph Halpern, Kenneth E. Iverson, Frederick Jelinek, Reynold B. Johnson, Benoit Mandelbrot, Robert Mercer (businessman), C. Mohan, Michael O. Rabin, Arthur Samuel, Alfred Spector, Moshe Vardi, John Vlissides, Mark N. Wegman and Shmuel Winograd.

Other notable developments

Laboratories

Historic research centers

Publications

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Labs and locations |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/labs/ |work=IBM Research |accessdate=28 December 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/awards.shtml |title=Awards & Achievements |accessdate=2012-05-23 |publisher=IBM}}
3. ^{{cite press release |title=IBM Breaks Records to Top U.S. Patent List for 25th Consecutive Year |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/53581.wss |work=IBM |date=9 January 2018 |accessdate=9 January 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/watsonlab.html |title=IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University |publisher=Columbia.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-05-05}}
5. ^¹Beatty, Jack, (editor) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cX9zJctCAqkC&printsec=frontcover Colussus: how the corporation changed America], New York : Random House, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7679-0352-3}}. Cf. chapter "Making the 'R' Yield 'D': The IBM Labs" by Robert Buderi.
6. ^¹IBM, "Watson Research Center: Watson Facility History"
7. ^{{cite web |title=History of progress |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/featured/history/ |work=IBM Research |accessdate=28 December 2016}}
8. ^{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malcolm W. |title=2 Researchers Spell 'I.B.M.,' Atom by Atom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/us/2-researchers-spell-ibm-atom-by-atom.html |agency=New York Times |date=April 5, 1990 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803210039/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/us/2-researchers-spell-ibm-atom-by-atom.html |archivedate=2009-08-03}}
9. ^{{citation |url=http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=1886 |title=Computer scientists who made IBM Research famous |work=IBM |accessdate=16 January 2016 |date=17 December 2012}}
10. ^Biography and oral history
11. ^IBM Archives
12. ^[https://ccrma.stanford.edu/marl/Backus/BackusHome.html Stanford Archives]
13. ^NNDB profile
14. ^Columbia University page
15. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/business/20backus.html?_r=1 New York Times obituary]
16. ^John Backus Memorial
17. ^IBM Archives
18. ^Researcher personal page
19. ^[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/gradybooch/?lang=en My developer Works blog] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213193833/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/gradybooch/?lang=en |date=2015-12-13 }}
20. ^Handbook of software architecture
21. ^IEEE Software: On Architecture
22. ^The Promise, The Limits, The Beauty of Software {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328083425/http://video.yahoo.com/watch/577305/2839970 |date=2011-03-28 }}
23. ^[https://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/07/ff_fred_brooks/ Master Planner: Fred Brooks Shows How to Design Anything]
24. ^NNDB profile
25. ^Innovator: Fred Brooks
26. ^The Grill: Fred Brooks (Computerworld)
27. ^Business Insider (thumbnail)
28. ^University of California, San Diego
29. ^SIAM short course
30. ^Recursivity (Blogspot)
31. ^{{cite web|last1=IBM Corporation|title=Some key dates in IBM's operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA)|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf|website=IBM History|accessdate=July 24, 2016}}