| 词条 | Ilyushin Il-18 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Ilyushin Il-18 ({{lang-ru|Илью́шин Ил-18}}; NATO reporting name: Coot) is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known and durable Soviet aircraft of its era. The Il-18 was one of the world's principal airliners for several decades and was widely exported. Due to the aircraft's airframe durability, many examples achieved over 45,000 flight hours and the type remains operational in both military and (to a lesser extent) civilian capacities. The Il-18's successor was the long range Il-62 jet airliner. Design and developmentTwo Soviet aircraft shared the designation Ilyushin Il-18. The first Il-18 was a propeller-driven airliner of 1946 but after a year of test flights that programme was abandoned. In the early 1950s a need to replace older designs and increase the size of the Soviet civil transport fleet, a Soviet Council of Ministers directive was issued on 30 December 1955 to the chief designers Kuznetsov and Ivchenko to develop new turboprop engines and to Ilyushin and Antonov to design an aircraft to use these engines.[2] The two aircraft designs were developed as the Ilyushin Il-18 and the Antonov An-10 and the engine chosen was the Kuznetsov NK-4 rather than the Ivchenko AI-20.[2] The Il-18 design had started in 1954 before the directive was issued and experience with the piston-engined Il-18 was used although the aircraft was a new design.[2] The design was for a four-engined low-wing monoplane with a circular pressurised fuselage and a conventional tail.[2] The forward retracting tricycle landing gear had four wheels fitted on the main leg bogies, the main legs bogies rotated 90 degrees and retracted into the rear of the inboard engines.[2] A new feature at the time was the fitting of a weather radar in the nose and it was the first soviet airliner to have an automatic approach system.[2] The aircraft has two entry doors on the port-side before and after the wing and two overwing emergency exits on each side.[2] The prototype SSSR-L5811 was rolled out in June 1957 and after ground-testing it began taxi test and high-speed runs on 1 July 1957.[2] On 4 July 1957 the prototype first flew from Khodynka.[2] On 10 July 1957 the aircraft was flown to Moscow-Vnukovo Airport to be presented to a Soviet government commission; also present was the prototype Antonov An-10 and the Tupolev Tu-114.[2] The Il-18 type was formally named Moskva and this was painted on the fuselage, although the name was not used when the aircraft entered production.[2] The Moscow Machinery Plant No. 30 located at Khodynka, near where the Ilyushin design office and the prototype had been built, was chosen to manufacture the aircraft.[3] During 1957 the plant began to reduce its production of the Ilyushin Il-14 and prepare to build the production aircraft designated IL-18A.[3] The Il-18A was only different from the prototype in minor details, mainly internal configuration to increase the seating from 75 to 89.[3] The first production aircraft were powered by the Kuznetsov NK-4 but the engines were plagued with problems so the Council of Ministers decreed in July 1958 that all production from November 1958 would use the Ivchenko AI-20 and earlier production would be re-engined.[3] Only 20 IL-18As were built before production changed to the improved Il-18B, this new variant had a higher gross weight and the nose was re-designed with a larger radome which increased the length by 20 cm.[3] The first Il-18B flew on 30 September 1958 powered by the AI-20; a VIP variant was also built as the IL-18S for the Soviet Air Force.[3] From April 1961 a TG-18 Auxiliary Power Unit was fitted for ground starting rather than the bank of lead-acid batteries. Some aircraft were modified to allow the APU to be run in flight.[3] With experience of the earlier aircraft a further improvement was the Il-18V variant.[3] The Il-18V was structurally the same but the interior was re-designed including moving the galley and some minor system changes.[3] The first Il-18V appeared in December 1959 and was to continue into production until 1965 after 334 had been built.[3] Specialised variants of the aircraft also appeared, including aircraft modified for flight calibration and a long-range polar variant.[3] Military variants also appeared including the anti-submarine Ilyushin Il-38.[3] Operational historyThe first Il-18, initially equipped with Kuznetsov NK-4 engines, flew on 4 July 1957. On 17 September 1958 the aircraft first flew with the new Ivchenko AI-20 engines. Vladimir Kokkinaki was the test pilot. Between 1958 and 1960 twenty-five world records were set by this aircraft, among them flight range and altitude records with various payloads. In 1958 the aircraft was awarded the Brussels World Fair Grand Prix. In April 1979 a monument was unveiled at Sheremetyevo airport to commemorate this remarkable aircraft. Seventeen foreign air carriers acquired some 125 Il-18 aircraft, seating 100-120 passengers. Il-18s are still in service in Siberia, North Korea and the Middle East, whilst a number of examples manufactured in the mid-1960s were still in civilian use in Africa and south Asia as at 2014. The type operates in various military capacities, including the Il-22PP electronic warfare and reconnaissance aircraft[4] which entered service in October 2016.[5] An Il-18 (registration DDR-STD) belonging to Interflug and used as a transport by East German leaders, including Erich Honecker, has been converted into a static hotel suite in The Netherlands.[6] As of July 2018, there are 7 aircraft in airliner service with 6 operators.[7] VariantsData from:OKB Ilyushin[8]
Designation of the sole prototype of the Il-18 family.
The original production model, equivalent to pre-production, powered by either Kuznetsov NK-4 or Ivchenko AI-20 turboprop engines. Circa 20 built.
First major production model, a medium-haul airliner that could seat 84 passengers.
Il-18 aircraft modified to mixed passenger / cargo configuration
Similar to Il-18I, but equipped with an extra center section fuel tank for increased range. The Il-18D is fitted with four {{convert|3169|kW|shp|abbr=on}} Ivchenko AI-20M turboprop engines.
Three aircraft modified to provide communications relay between VIP aircraft and Government bodies.
A single Il-18D converted to a fisheries reconnaissance aircraft (Pomor = person who lives by the sea)
VIP version of the Il-18D
Two Il-18Ds modified as fishery reconnaissance aircraft for the Polar Institute of Oceanic Fishery and Oceanography, the modification mainly involved the fitment of specialized mission equipment. First flown in 1985 they were later modified back as standard Il-18Ds.
Similar to the Il-18I, but without the increased fuel capacity.
VIP transport version of the Il-18E.
Aircraft converted to cargo configuration, (Gr - Gruzovoy - cargo).
Several Il-18 aircraft modified to Gr standard with the addition of a pressurised side cargo door.
Equipped with more powerful Ivchenko AI-20M turboprop engines, producing {{convert|3169|kW|shp|abbr=on}}. Seating increased to 122 passengers in an enlarged cabin gained by moving the aft pressure bulkhead rearwards by {{convert|1.64|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.
(Letayuschchaya Laboratoriya - flying laboratory), one aircraft modified from an Il-18A to be an anti-icing test-bed and an Il-18V used by the Czechoslovak flight test center as an engine testbed.
Two Il-18Vs were modified as Telemetry Relay Aircraft to rocket and unmanned air vehicle trials.
Prototype for Il-20RT, converted from Il-18A c/n 188000401.
VIP variant of Il-18B
Designation of a number of different test and research aircraft, normally had a letter suffix like SL-18D for avionics trials.
This designation was given to civil and military cargo transport aircraft converted from Il-18A/B/V aircraft. Il-18AT: Military transport/medevac version based on the Il-18A Il-18BT: Military transport/medevac version based on the Il-18B Il-18VT: Military transport/medevac version based on the Il-18V
One Il-18T was modified as a military transport variant to take either 69 stretcher cases or 118 paratroopers. Not wanted by the military it was converted to Il-18D standard.
One Il-18V was modified as a navigator trainer including two dorsal astro-sextant windows. Although it was tested and found acceptable the Soviet Air Force used a variant of the twin-jet Tupolev Tu-124 instead.
Standard Aeroflot version, which entered service in 1961. The Il-18V was powered by four Ivchenko AI-20K turboprop engines, seating 90-100 passengers.
VIP version of the Il-18V
a single Il-18V modified for Polyarnaya Aviatsiya - Polar Aviation use.
a single Il-18V modified for Polyarnaya Aviatsiya - Polar Aviation use with an auxiliary fuel tank in the cabin, revised window layout and enlarged oil tanks on the engines, covered by protruding fairings on the engine nacelles (sometimes referred to as the Il-18D, before the real D model emerged).
a single Il-18V operated by Interflug for navaid calibration.
COMINT/ELINT reconnaissance airplane version.
Four Telemetry aircraft used to support the Soviet space activities, later replaced by a variant of the Il-76.
Airborne command post version.
Same as the Il-22 but had new mission equipment.
Electronic warfare and reconnaissance aircraft[4]
Two Il-18Ds modified for ice reconnaissance similar to the Il-20M but with civilian reconnaissance equipment, both later modified back to standard configuration and sold.
Maritime reconnaissance, anti-submarine warfare version.
A proposed upgrade powered by two Lotarev D-236-T propfan engines. OperatorsCivil operatorsCurrent operators
Former operators
Military operatorsCurrent operators:
Accidents and incidents{{main article|List of accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-18}}Specifications (Il-18D){{Aircraft specs|ref=OKB Ilyushin[8] |prime units?=met
|prop blade number=4 |prop name=AW-68 I constant speed feathering propellers |prop dia m=4.5
|ceiling m=11,800 |more performance=
|avionics=
}} See alsoRelated development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
ReferencesNotes1. ^реестр самолётов типа Ильюшин Ил-18/20/22/38 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210947/http://russianplanes.net/planelist/Ilushin/Il-18/20/22/38 |date=3 March 2016 }}, Il-18 russianplanes.net 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gordon and Komissarov 2004, pp. 7-9 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gordon and Komissarov 2004, pp. 13-49 4. ^1 {{cite report |last1=McDermott |first1=Roger N. |date=September 2017 |title=Russia’s Electronic Warfare Capabilities to 2025: Challenging NATO in the Electromagnetic Spectrum |url=https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2018/ICDS_Report_Russias_Electronic_Warfare_to_2025.pdf |publisher=International Centre for Defence and Security |page=16 |isbn= |access-date=11 November 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ilyushin.org/press/news/ev6273/ |title=В рамках единого дня военной приемки Министерству обороны сдан опытный самолет специального назначения на базе Ил-18 |lang=ru |date=26 October 2016 |website=ilyushin.org |access-date=11 November 2018}} 6. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20111007-38007.html | title=Honecker's plane gets new lease of life as luxury hotel | newspaper=The Local | date=7 October 2011 | accessdate=12 September 2017 }} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/24536|title=World Airline Census 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Flightglobal.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-26}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Yefim|author2=Dmitry Komissarov|others=Sergey Komissarov|title=OKB Ilyushin|publisher=Midland publishing|location=Hinkley|year=2004|edition=1st|pages=193–251|isbn=1-85780-187-3}} 9. ^Michał Petrykowski, Samoloty Ił-18 Lufthansy, Lotnictwo Nr. 12/2009, p.20 {{pl icon}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.polrail.com/Aerolot/fleet/fleet_history.html|title=AeroLOT - Yesterday's fleet|author=|date=|website=www.polrail.com|accessdate=26 January 2019}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://vpk-news.ru/news/33210|title=Опытный самолет спецназначения Ил-22ПП «Порубщик» сдан Министерству обороны - Еженедельник «Военно-промышленный курьер»|author=|date=|website=vpk-news.ru|accessdate=26 January 2019}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.rambler.ru/articles/36077812-aviatsiya-flota-poluchila-zavisayuschuyu-bombu/|title=Ð�виациÑ� флота получила завиÑ�ающую бомбу|author=|date=|website=Рамблер/новоÑ�ти|accessdate=26 January 2019}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons|Ilyushin_Il-18}}
8 : Ilyushin aircraft|Soviet airliners 1950–1959|Four-engined tractor aircraft|Low-wing aircraft|Four-engined turboprop aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1957|Soviet and Russian military reconnaissance aircraft|Electronic_warfare_aircraft |
||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。