词条 | Imperial Guard (Russia) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|unit_name= Imperial Guard Лейб-гвардия |image= Konstantin Palace.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption=Leib Guards reception at the Constantine Palace |motto= |march= |type=Infantry, cavalry and horse artillery |branch= Imperial Russian Army |dates=1683–1917 |country={{flag|Russian Empire|1914}} |allegiance=Tsar of Russia and {{flag|Russian Empire|1914}} |size= |specialization=Executive protection |garrison= |notable_commanders= |anniversaries= }} The Russian Imperial Guard, officially known as the Leib Guard ({{lang-ru|Лейб-гвардия}} leyb-gvardiya, from German Leib "Body"; cf. Life Guards / Bodyguard) were military units serving as personal guards of the Emperor of Russia. Peter the Great founded the first such units following the Prussian practice in the 1690s, to replace the politically motivated Streltsy. The Imperial Guard subsequently increased in size and diversity to become an elite corps of all branches within the Imperial Army rather than Household troops in direct attendance on the Tsar. Numerous links were however maintained with the Imperial family and the bulk of the regiments of the Imperial Guard were stationed in and around Saint Petersburg in peacetime. History{{main article|Military history of the Russian Empire}}The first units to be formed were the Preobrazhensky & the Semyonovsky Regiments by Peter the Great. He formed the two regiments as part of his move to professionalize Russia's army following their disastrous defeat in the Battle of Narva against the Swedish Empire during the early phases of Great Northern War. Another influencing factor for the unit's formation was the fact that the Streltsy had fallen out of favour with Peter as a result of a series of uprising, one taking place during his childhood which traumatised him, and another taking place during his reign. Later on, Anna of Russia formed the Izmaylovsky Regiment recruited from her native Duchy of Courland and Semigallia out of distrust of her then current guard regiments (especially the Preobrazhensky) as a result of her paranoia of losing power. The Izmaylovsky Regiment became the official palace guards during Anna's reign. But the term "leib" was not used until the reign of Elizabeth of Russia during her formation of the Leib Company made up of the grenadiers (especially the Preobrazhensky) who helped put her on the throne.[1] During the October Revolution, the Pavlovsky Regiment, though celebrated for their actions during the Napoleonic Wars, was among the first regiments to mutiny and join the Bolsheviks, and participated in The Storming of the Winter Palace.[2] However, notable members like the then commander of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Alexander Kutepov remained loyal to the end, fighting against the Bolsheviks. {{expand section|date=December 2017}}OrganizationThe final composition of the Russian Imperial Guard at the beginning of 1914 was: Guards Corps St. Petersburg District. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Millionaya. (Guards units not part of the Guards Corps were the Guards Replacement Cavalry Regiment and Guards Field Gendarme Squadron.)
'Guard units of direct subordination as of 1917:
Plus the following were part of the 23rd Army Corps, Warsaw Military District. Headquarters, Warsaw, Poland.
RanksEvery soldier and officer of the Guard had the style of the Leib Guard (Лейб-гвардии...), for example: Colonel of the Leib Guard (Лейб-гвардии полковник). It is a misconception that the monarch himself functioned as the commander of the Leib Guard regiments, so only he and some members of the imperial family could hold a title of Colonel (Polkovnik) of the Guards. In fact, there were many guards officers in the rank of colonel.{{Specify|I'm not sure, but couldn't this be result of some confusion between the actual colonel of the regiment (polkovnik - Полковник) and colonel-in-chief ("chief of the regiment" - Шеф полка)? Even then, was it limited to the Romanov dynasty only in the senior regiments - Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky etc.; and in some others awarded to members of other European dynasties?|date=April 2011}} Commissioned officers enjoyed a two-grade elevation in the Table of Ranks over regular army officers; this later changed to a one-grade elevation -- first for the New Guards then for the rest of the Leib Guard. Following the abolition of the rank of Major in 1884, most grades below VII shifted one position upwards, effectively returning to those of the Old Guards.
References1. ^[https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=kB4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=Leib+company+Elizabeth+of+Russia&source=bl&ots=sN4VZg7-7U&sig=4UxkkaN1UYVnlM4dF0BpiFJRRlU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2iJDkvofYAhXJerwKHU5gAVMQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Leib%20company%20Elizabeth%20of%20Russia&f=false] 2. ^Barrack of the Pavlovsky Regiment See also
7 : Russian Imperial Guard|Military units and formations of the Russian Empire|Royal Guards|Russian military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars|Military units and formations established in the 1690s|17th-century establishments in Russia|Military units and formations disestablished in 1917 |
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