“IND Sixth Avenue Line”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The IND Sixth Avenue Line is a rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway in the United States. It runs mainly under Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, and continues south to Brooklyn. The B, D, F, and M trains, which use the Sixth Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan, are colored {{NYCS const|color|orange}}. The B and D trains use the express tracks, while the F and M trains use the local tracks.

The Sixth Avenue Line, constructed in stages during the 1930s, was the last trunk line built by the Independent Subway System (IND) before it was incorporated into the modern-day New York City Subway. It was more difficult to build than other subway trunk lines in New York City because construction had to proceed around, over, and under existing tunnels and elevated structures. The Sixth Avenue Line replaced the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Sixth Avenue elevated, which closed in 1939. The first section of the line opened in 1936 from West Fourth Street to East Broadway with service provided by Eighth Avenue Line trains. This section was initially referred to as the Houston-Essex Street Route. The Sixth Avenue subway was completed in 1940, providing service north of West Fourth Street, connecting to the Queens Boulevard Line and the Eighth Avenue Line.

Initially, the Sixth Avenue Line carried only local service, since there were no express tracks between 34th and West 4th Streets. In 1967 and 1968, the Chrystie Street Connection was completed, connecting the line with former BMT lines in Brooklyn via the Manhattan Bridge and with the BMT Jamaica Line over the Williamsburg Bridge. Two new stations at 57th Street and Grand Street, as well as a pair of express tracks between 34th and West 4th Streets, were built to provide the necessary capacity for the new service to Brooklyn.

There are branches on both ends of the line. On the south end, the express tracks used by the {{NYCS trains|Manhattan Bridge north|time=nolink}} diverge to Grand Street and the Manhattan Bridge. The local tracks continue through the Rutgers Street Tunnel and to York Street in Brooklyn (used by the {{NYCS trains|Sixth Rutgers|time=nolink}}) or via the Chrystie Street Connection and the Williamsburg Bridge to the BMT Jamaica Line in Brooklyn (used by the {{NYCS trains|Chrystie Williamsburg|time=nolink}}). On the north end, north of 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, the express tracks diverge to Seventh Avenue–53rd Street and the IND Eighth Avenue Line, while a spur used by the {{NYCS trains|Sixth 63rd|time=nolink}} continues under Sixth Avenue to 57th Street and the 63rd Street Lines; the local tracks, used by the {{NYCS trains|Sixth Queens|time=nolink}}, merge with the IND Queens Boulevard Line and continue to Queens.

Extent and service

The following services currently use part or all of the Sixth Avenue Line,^[2] whose services' bullets are colored {{NYCS const|color|orange}}:

The majority of the Sixth Avenue Line has four tracks, two local and two express. At each end, these pairs of tracks split, giving the line two north and two south ends. One of the north ends is at 57th Street, where two tracks lead south under Sixth Avenue from the IND 63rd Street Line (used by the F local train at all times). The other is just south of 59th Street–Columbus Circle, where a two-track line splits from the IND Eighth Avenue Line at a flying junction (with connections to the local and express tracks), immediately turns east under 53rd Street, and crosses the IND Queens Boulevard Line, which parallels it just to the north. At Seventh Avenue, the southbound track is above the northbound track (the same is true on the Queens Boulevard Line, though north is the opposite direction from the Sixth Avenue Line). These tracks are used by the B and D express trains.^[3]

The express tracks from Columbus Circle then turn south to go under Sixth Avenue, merging with the branch from 57th Street and the local tracks' split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line (used by the M local train). The branch from 57th Street merges into both the local and express track pairs; there are no direct track connections between the local and express tracks. South of this point, the Sixth Avenue Line consists of four tracks from west to east: the southbound express track, the southbound local track, the northbound express track, and the northbound local track. After passing through 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, the two southbound tracks cross each other; the tracks from Columbus Circle become the two center express tracks, and the tracks from the Queens Boulevard Line are the two outside local tracks.^[3]

South of 42nd Street–Bryant Park is a large interlocking with six crossovers and switches. The original express tracks ended just to the south at 34th Street–Herald Square and some services switched to the local tracks at the interlocking.^[3] This was done because the PATH's Uptown Hudson Tubes already existed under Sixth Avenue south of 33rd Street, and so the Sixth Avenue Line local tracks were built on each side of PATH. The section between West Fourth Street–Washington Square and 34th Street–Herald Square, the only express section of this line, was originally built as a two track subway with the provision to expand to four tracks later.^[6] The express tracks were added in the 1960s during the Chrystie Street Connection projects.^[7] As a result, they are placed under the local tracks and PATH using the deep-bore tunneling method.^[3]^[7]

At West Fourth Street–Washington Square, the express tracks return to the same level as the local tracks. A flying junction just to the south connects the local tracks of the Sixth and Eighth Avenue Lines. The Sixth Avenue Line then turns east under Houston Street. After Broadway–Lafayette Street, the express tracks turn south and use the Chrystie Street Connection to Grand Street before crossing the north side of the Manhattan Bridge into Brooklyn. The express tracks used to continue on to the express tracks at Second Avenue before the tracks were rerouted to the Chrystie Street Connection. The local tracks split at this point. One pair continues east to Second Avenue (used by the F train) while the other pair merges with the BMT Nassau Street Line at Essex Street (used by the M train).^[3]

Just before approaching Second Avenue, the local tracks split into four tracks again. The two center tracks, which are not used in revenue service, dead-end just east of the Second Avenue station. They were built as part of the IND's proposed expansion in the 1930s, and would have merged with the never-built IND Worth Street Line and then entered Brooklyn. The line would have run to Utica Avenue in Brooklyn if it were completed.^[4]^[12]{{rp|11}} Other provisions for unbuilt lines exist at the mezzanine levels of the Second Avenue and East Broadway stations, where unfinished open spaces indicate where stations for the Second Avenue Subway and IND Worth Street Line, respectively, would have been built.^[5]^[6]{{rp|13}}

The local tracks in Manhattan turn south under Essex Street and Rutgers Street before crossing under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. The tracks then become IND Culver Line in Brooklyn, stopping at the outer tracks of Jay Street–MetroTech.^[3]

History

Planning

New York City mayor John Francis Hylan's original plans for the Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in 1922, included building over {{convert|100|mi}} of new lines and taking over nearly {{convert|100|mi}} of existing lines. The lines were designed to compete with the existing underground, surface, and elevated lines operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT).^[7]^[8] The IND Sixth Avenue Line was designed to replace the elevated IRT Sixth Avenue Line.^[9] However, since the Sixth Avenue corridor was such an important subway link, the elevated remained open while construction on the Sixth Avenue subway proceeded.^[10]

In 1924, the IND submitted its list of proposed subway routes to the New York City Board of Transportation, which approved the program. The IND's program consisted of two lines underneath Sixth Avenue in Manhattan. The first line would be a {{Convert|0.74|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} section in Lower Manhattan between Lispenard Street to the south and Eighth Street to the north, comprising part of the present-day Eighth Avenue Line. The second line would be a {{Convert|2.47|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} section running between Carmine Street to the south and 53rd Street to the north, comprising much of the present-day Sixth Avenue Line. South of Carmine Street, the Sixth Avenue Line would curve east under Houston Street, then south under Essex Street and Rutgers Street before continuing south into Brooklyn.^[11]

Work on the core section of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, located between Fourth and 53rd Streets, was not to begin for several years. The section of Sixth Avenue from Ninth to 33rd Streets was already occupied by the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H&M)'s Uptown Hudson Tubes. At first, the city intended to take over the portion of the Uptown Tubes under Sixth Avenue for IND use, then build a pair of new tubes for the H&M directly underneath it. The IND had committed to building the Sixth Avenue line, and the H&M's 33rd Street terminal was located both above and below preexisting railroad tunnels, hence the IND's plan to convert part of the H&M tubes.^[12] However, the H&M objected, and so negotiations between the city and IND and the H&M continued for several years.^[13]

The IND and H&M finally came to an agreement in 1930. The city had decided to build the IND Sixth Avenue Line's local tracks around the pre-existing H&M tubes, and add express tracks for the IND underneath the H&M tubes at a later date.^[9] However, the city still planned to eventually take over the H&M tracks, convert them to express tracks for the IND line, then build a lower level for the H&M.^[14]

The IND started advertising bids for the section of the Sixth Avenue Line between 43rd and 53rd Streets in April 1931.^[15] However, that May, construction was postponed because of fears that it would disrupt the Catskill Aqueduct, one of the New York City water supply system's crucial water mains to Brooklyn and Queens.^[16] The New York City Board of Transportation wanted to start work on the section between 33rd and 39th Streets first so that the engineering issues with the H&M tubes and water main could be resolved.^[17] In January 1932, the city announced an agreement with the New York City Water Supply Board. The IND wanted to start construction on the Sixth Avenue line by June so that some of the projected train traffic on the Eighth Avenue line, which was slated to open that year, could be rerouted through Sixth Avenue instead.^[18] In 1933, the New York City Board of Estimate requested a $25.5 million federal loan for the construction of the Sixth Avenue line.^[19]

Opening of southern section

The first portion of the line to be constructed was then known as the Houston–Essex Street Line, which ran under Houston, Essex, and Rutgers Streets. The contract for the line was awarded to Corson Construction in January 1929, at which time the city began evicting 10,000 residents within the line's route.^[20] Construction of this section officially started in May 1929.^[21] The contract for the Rutgers Street Tunnel, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, was awarded in May 1930.^[22] In May 1933, the city started widening Essex and Rutgers Streets to accommodate the future subway line underneath.^[23]

The Houston and Essex Street Line began operations at noon on January 1, 1936 with two local tracks from a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street–Washington Square east under Houston Street and south under Essex Street to a temporary terminal at East Broadway. E trains, which ran from Jackson Heights, Queens to Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway.^[24] Two express tracks were built on the portion under Houston Street until Essex Street-Avenue A; the tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.^[5]

Just after midnight on April 9, 1936, trains began running under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel, which connected the Houston-Essex Street Line with the north end of the Culver Line at a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of Jay Street–Borough Hall. E trains were sent through the connection to Church Avenue. Simultaneously, the Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue and the A and C trains, which had used Smith Street, were rerouted to Fulton Street.^[25]^[26]

Construction and opening of Midtown section

In April 1935, engineers started planning in earnest for the Midtown section of the Sixth Avenue Line.^[27] The first contract for the construction of this section was awarded to Rosoff-Brader Construction in October 1935.^[28] On March 23, 1936, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia broke ground for the Sixth Avenue subway at Bryant Park.^[6]

The construction of the Sixth Avenue line was very difficult because of the various utilities and tunnels above, below, and beside the line. At the time, it was considered the costliest subway line in the city.^[29] Builders had to use very small charges of dynamite so that they would not disrupt the H&M tunnels alongside the route, the street and elevated line above it, and the water main below it.^[30] The Sixth Avenue Elevated had to be underpinned during construction, adding another $4 to $5 million to construction costs. The Catskill Aqueduct was located around {{convert|200|ft|m}} below the avenue's surface, and workers on the new subway had to be careful to not cause any cracks in the aqueduct.^[6]^[29] As part of the construction of the IND line, the H&M's 14th Street and 23rd Street stations had to be rebuilt to provide space for the IND's 14th Street and 23rd Street stations, which would be located at a similar elevation. The 19th Street station was not affected because the IND tracks were located below the H&M tracks at that point.^[6] However, the 33rd Street station had to be relocated to the south of its existing location, above the new IND line. The IND platforms were to be located at the same elevation as the present H&M station, and there was no room to build a new subway station either above or below the level of the existing H&M station.^[29]

The H&M's 33rd Street terminal closed on December 26, 1937 and service on the H&M was cut back to 28th Street to allow for construction on the subway to take place.^[31] The 33rd Street terminal was moved south to 32nd Street and reopened on September 24, 1939. The city had to pay $800,000 to build the new 33rd Street station and reimbursed H&M another $300,000 to the H&M for the loss of revenue.^[32] The 28th Street station was closed at this time because the southern entrances to the 33rd Street terminal were located only two blocks away, rendering the 28th Street stop unnecessary. It was demolished to make room for the IND tracks below.^[33] The IRT's Sixth Avenue elevated ultimately closed in December 1938, just before the Sixth Avenue subway was completed.^[34]

In addition to threading around the H&M tunnel, the line had to pass over the BMT Canarsie Line along 14th Street, over the tunnels leading to Penn Station, under the four-track BMT Broadway Line at Herald Square, over the IRT Flushing Line at 41st Street, and under the 42nd Street Shuttle. Even though the line had to pass around multiple transit lines, the grades were kept to a minimum.^[6] Bellmouth tunnels north of 47th–50th Streets were built to allow for a future extension under Central Park and along Morningside Avenue to 145th Street. This extension was part of the Board of Transportation's long-range program, and was estimated to cost $34,914,000 as of August 1940. Construction was expected to start some time after 1946.^[35]

On December 15, 1940, local subway service began on Sixth Avenue from the West Fourth Street subway station to the 47th–50th Streets station with track connections to the IND 53rd Street Line. The Sixth Avenue Line's construction cost $59,500,000.^[36] The opening of the Sixth Avenue Line relieved train traffic on the Eighth Avenue Line, which was used by all services except for the G Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown service. The additional capacity allowed for the reintroduction of the AA for off-peak service between 168th Street and Hudson Terminal via the Eighth Avenue Line, and the creation of the rush-hour BB between 168th Street and 34th Street-Herald Square via Sixth Avenue. In addition, the D train, which ran between Norwood–205th Street and Hudson Terminal via Sixth Avenue, was introduced to provide service between Sixth Avenue and the Concourse Line. The F train, running between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via Sixth Avenue, was created to provide express service between Sixth Avenue and Queens. Finally, the E train was cut back from Church Avenue to Broadway–Lafayette Street, running to Queens via the Eighth Avenue Line.^[37]^[38]^[39]

Sixth Avenue express tracks and the Chrystie Street Connection

On April 19, 1961, ground was broken for a $22 million project to build two express tracks between the West Fourth Street and 34th Street–Herald Square stations.^[40] The express tracks were built {{convert|80|ft|m}} feet beneath the surface. The construction was done in two portions. The first section was between West 9th and 19th Streets, and the second section was between West 19th and 31st Streets.^[41] The express tracks were part of an $80 million subway improvement program that began with the reconstruction of the DeKalb Avenue station in Brooklyn. The second phase of construction, was the Chrystie Street Connection, which would connect the BMT lines coming over the Manhattan Bridge and the Williamsburg Bridge with the IND Houston Street Line.^[42]^[60] There was also to be a new two-track spur line between West 52nd and 58th Streets with a terminal at 57th Street.^[43] The two projects would allow 45 additional trains per hour, carrying a combined 90,000 passengers, to enter Manhattan during rush hours.^[42]^[44]

However, the section between 9th and 19th Streets soon experienced various delays: although it had started in April 1961,^[40] work was halted by a water main break in 1962,^[45] and by July 1963, the work was only 20 percent complete.^[66] Construction on the section between West 19th and 31st Streets was further along: it had started in the middle of 1961, and was 60 percent complete in July 1963.^[46] The first section was 88 percent complete on June 30, 1965, and the second section was 99 percent complete on that date. Between West 55th and 58th Street, a third of the structural work was done by this date.^[41] No stations were constructed along the new express tracks, but provisions were incorporated into the design of the tunnel to permit the addition of future lower level stations at 14th Street and 23rd Street without disturbances to train operation.^[46]

On November 26, 1967, the first part of the Chrystie Street Connection opened and Sixth Avenue Line express tracks opened from 34th Street–Herald Square to West Fourth Street–Washington Square. With the opening of the connection to the Manhattan Bridge, BB service was renamed B and it was extended via the new express tracks and the connection to the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn. D service was routed via the connection and onto the BMT Brighton Line instead of via the Culver Line. It only ran express during rush hours. F service was extended from Broadway–Lafayette Street during rush hours, and from 34th Street during other times to Coney Island via the Culver Line.^[47]^[48]^[49] On July 1, 1968, the 57th Street station opened^[50] and the portion of the Chrystie Street Connection connecting the line with the Williamsburg Bridge was also opened.^[74] Service on the KK was inaugurated, running from 57th Street to 168th Street on the BMT Jamaica Line. B service was extended during non-rush hours from West Fourth Street to 57th Street. D trains began running express via the Sixth Avenue Line at all times.^[51]

Later improvements

The tracks at 57th Street were originally built for a proposed extension under Central Park to Harlem.^[36] The stub-end tracks were eventually connected to the IND 63rd Street Line when the latter opened in October 1989. The 63rd Street line only extended to the 21st Street–Queensbridge station in Queens, and did not connect to any other lines in that borough. The Q train served the 63rd Street extension on weekdays and the {{NYCS|B}} train stopped there on the weekends; both services used the Sixth Avenue Line.^[52] The Q train, a part-time express within Brooklyn via the BMT Brighton Line, ran along the Sixth Avenue Line between 1988 and 2001, when the Manhattan Bridge south tracks were closed for reconstruction.^[53]^[54]

Planning for the 63rd Street Line's $645 million connection from the 21st Street–Queensbridge station to the IND Queens Boulevard Line in Queens began in December 1990, and construction began on September 22, 1994.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59] The Connector came into regular use on December 16, 2001. A new Sixth Avenue local service, the V, was introduced operating local via Sixth Avenue and terminating in the center tracks of the Sixth Avenue Line's Second Avenue station. The V ran local on the Queens Boulevard Line, and it only operated during weekdays. At this time, the F, which ran express along the Queens Boulevard Line, was rerouted to operate via the 57th Street station and the 63rd Street line north of the 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station, rather than via the 53rd Street tunnel. Both the 63rd Street and the 53rd Street lines merge into the Queens Boulevard Line in Queens.^[60]^[61] On June 28, 2010, the V was replaced by the M, which began using the Chrystie Street Connection to the Williamsburg Bridge. Regular M trains make all former V stops except for Second Avenue.^[62]^[63]^[64]

In 2004, full Manhattan Bridge service was restored. This resulted in full B and D express service being restored from 34th Street–Herald Square to the Manhattan Bridge, where the services continued to Brooklyn. However, the terminals of the B and D were reversed from prior to the Manhattan Bridge service suspensions. B service operates weekdays only via the Brighton Line express tracks to Brighton Beach, replacing the <Q> express on the Brighton Line. D service operates 24/7 along the West End Line because residents of Bensonhurst, a neighborhood located near the West End Line, wanted full-time direct subway service to Manhattan.^[65]

The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for the Sixth Avenue Line's 23rd Street and 57th Street stations, along with 31 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting.^[66]^[67] The renovations at both stations were supposed to last from July to December 2018. The renovations were conducted under a $124.9 million contract that also included the renovation of the 28th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.^[68] 23rd Street reopened ahead of schedule on November 29, 2018,^[69] while 57th Street reopened on December 19, 2018.^[70]

As part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, the 34th Street and West Fourth Street interlockings on the IND Sixth Avenue Line were completed at a cost of $356.5 million. The interlocking upgrades would support communications-based train control (CBTC) installation on the Queens Boulevard, Culver, and Eighth Avenue lines.^[71]

Station listing

References

1. ^{{NYCS const|riderref|weekday}}
2. ^{{NYCS const|serviceguide}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{NYCS const|trackref|trackbook3}}
4. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/20070408_SUBWAY_DOCS/19290916_subway_doc.pdf 100 Miles of Subway in New City Project; 52 of them in Queens], The New York Times September 16, 1929, p. 1. Retrieved June 11, 2014
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/abandoned/indsecsys.html|title=Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations|last=Brennan|first=Joseph|date=2002|publisher=|access-date=August 30, 2016|work=columbia.edu}}
6. ^¹{{Cite Routes Not Taken}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/04/archives/two-subway-routes-adopted-by-city-estimate-board-accepts-wash.html|title=Two Subway Routes Adopted by City|date=August 4, 1923|work=The New York Times|page=9}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/03/12/archives/plans-now-ready-to-start-subways-commission-notifies-city-it-can.html|title=Plans Now Ready to Start Subways|date=March 12, 1924|work=The New York Times|page=1}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/01/11/archives/delaney-for-razing-elevated-line-now-work-in-6th-av-could-begin-in.html|title=DELANEY FOR RAZING ELEVATED LINE NOW; Work in 6th Av. Could Begin in Six Months if Condemnation Started at Once, He Says. SEES CUT IN SUBWAY COST Eliminating Need for Underpinning Would Save $4,000,000 and Speed Construction, He Holds.|date=January 11, 1930|website=The New York Times|access-date=April 27, 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/09/17/archives/ends-move-to-scrap-6th-avenue-elevated-transit-commission-explains.html|title=ENDS MOVE TO SCRAP 6TH AVENUE ELEVATED; Transit Commission Explains No Interest Has Been Shown in Demolition Since January.|date=September 17, 1931|website=The New York Times|access-date=April 28, 2018}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/03/21/archives/new-subway-routes-in-hylan-program-to-cost-186046000-board-of.html|title=New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000 – Board of Transportation Adopts 22.90 Miles of Additional Lines – Total Now $345,629,000 – But the Entire System Planned by Mayor Involves $700,000,000 – Description of Routes – Heaviest Expenditures Will Be Made on Tunnels – No Allowance for Equipment – New Subway Routes to Cost $186,046,000|date=March 21, 1925|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 8, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
12. ^{{cite web | title=6TH AV. SUBWAY PLAN HINGES ON TUBES' USE; City Must Reach Agreement With Hudson & Manhattan to Carry Out Project. | website=The New York Times | date=November 20, 1924 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/11/20/archives/6th-av-subway-plan-hinges-on-tubes-use-city-must-reach-agreement.html | access-date=April 26, 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web | title=FINAL CONTRACTS TO FINISH SUBWAY AWARDED BY CITY; Include $20,000,000 for Cars, Equipment and Substations for Manhattan Line. OPERATION SET FOR 1931 Board of Transportation Moves to Rid Sixth Avenue of Trolley Tracks. SEEKS TO BUY FRANCHISE Line Willing to Exchange It for Bus Permit—Negotiations Pushed to Extend Tube. | website=The New York Times | date=August 1, 1929 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/09/01/archives/final-contracts-to-finish-subway-awarded-by-city-include-20000000.html | access-date=April 26, 2018}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/08/archives/6th-av-tube-work-to-be-begun-oct-1-plans-speeded-on-12000000.html|title=6th Av. Tube Work to be Begun Oct. 1|date=August 8, 1935|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=October 7, 2011|page=23}}
15. ^{{cite web | title=THE SIXTH AVENUE SUBWAY. | website=The New York Times | date=April 21, 1931 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/04/21/archives/the-sixth-avenue-subway.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web | title=6TH AVENUE SUBWAY IS PUT OFF 18 MONTHS; Delaney Delays Start Because of Peril to Water Main to Brooklyn and Queens. AWAITS NEW SUPPLY TUBE Announcement Follows Conference With Dietz Over Danger of Damage From Blasting. ACTION IS A SURPRISE Bids for Work on New City Link Already Advertised—Many Obstacles to Project Arose. Work Ahead of Schedule. Many Obstacles Arose. | website=The New York Times | date=May 6, 1931 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/06/archives/6th-avenue-subway-is-put-off-18-months-delaney-delays-start-because.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web | title=SPEED PLANS FOR LINK OF 6TH AV. SUBWAY; Transportation Board Engineers Want Work Started First From 33d to 39th Street. | website=The New York Times | date=May 8, 1931 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/08/archives/speed-plans-for-link-of-6th-av-subway-transportation-board.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web | title=PLANS WORK IN JUNE ON 6TH AV. SUBWAY; City to Push Section North of 29th St. to Permit Routing of Eighth Av. Line. CONTRACTS TO BE LET SOON Agreement With Water Supply Board Opens Way for Construction Held Up by Condult Hazards. | website=The New York Times | date=December 1, 1931 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/01/01/archives/plans-work-in-june-on-6th-av-subway-city-to-push-section-north-of.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web | title=$25,500,000 LOAN FOR TRANSIT ASKED; Transportation Board Applies for Federal Funds to Finish Subway System. 22-MONTH TASK AHEAD Projects to Add 18 Miles to the City's Network Planned to Start Immediately. | website=The New York Times | date=October 3, 1933 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/10/03/archives/25500000-loan-for-transit-asked-transportation-board-applies-for.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web | title=EAST SIDE SUBWAY WILL EVICT 10,000; Work on New Line, Likely to Begin in May, Will Force Many Tenants to Move. 200 BUILDINGS WILL FALL Transportation Board Notifies Property Owners—Condemnation toCoat Over $11,000,000. Expect Work to Start in May. Residents Recall Other Days. | website=The New York Times | date=February 24, 1929 | url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/02/24/95882577.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web | title=EAST SIDE SUBWAY STARTED BY MAYOR; He Breaks Ground for Crosstown System at Second Av.and East Houston St.MILLER HAILS PROJECT Sees Area Rejuvenated by Line and City's Plan to Raze OldTenements. | website=The New York Times | date=May 2, 1929 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/02/archives/east-side-subway-started-by-mayor-he-breaks-ground-for-crosstown.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web | title=$13,000,000 CONTRACTS FOR SUBWAYS LET; One for $11,674,060 Is for Construction of East River Tunnel to Brooklyn. | website=The New York Times | date=May 22, 1930 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/22/archives/13000000-contracts-for-subways-let-one-for-11674060-is-for.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web | title=BEGINS STREET WIDENING.; City Will Increase Essex and Houston From 50 to 80 Feet. | website=The New York Times | date=May 8, 1933 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/05/08/archives/begins-street-widening-city-will-increase-essex-and-houston-from-50.html | access-date=April 28, 2018}}
24. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news |title=LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/01/02/archives/la-guardia-opens-new-subway-link-warmly-praises-delaney-as-he-puts.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 2, 1936 |page=1 |accessdate=October 7, 2011}}
25. ^¹{{cite news |title=Two Subway Links Start Wednesday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/06/archives/two-subway-links-start-wednesday-city-will-begin-operating-fulton.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 6, 1936 |page=23 |accessdate=October 7, 2011}}
26. ^{{cite news |title=New Subway Link Opened by Mayor |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D13FF385B1B7B93CBA9178FD85F428385F9 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 9, 1936 |page=23 |accessdate=October 7, 2011}}
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72. ^*{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/08/18/99841892.pdf|title=Two Subway Units Open at Midnight – Links in City-Owned System in Queens and Brooklyn to Have 15 Stations|date=August 18, 1933|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=November 7, 2015}}*{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201933/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201933%20-%204319.pdf|title=New Queens Subway Service Will Be Launched Tonight; Tunnel From Manhattan Open to Jackson Heights; Service Will Eventually Be Extended Through To Jamaica|date=August 18, 1933|work=Long Island Daily Press|accessdate=July 27, 2016|agency=Fultonhistory.com|page=20}}*{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2011/New%20York%20Evening%20Post/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Post%201933%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Post%201933%20Grayscale%20-%203621.pdf|title=New Queens Tube To Open Saturday: Brooklyn-Long Island City Link of City Line Also to Be Put in Operation|date=August 17, 1933|work=New York Evening Post|accessdate=July 27, 2016|agency=Fultonhistory.com|page=18}}