| 词条 | Alexander Galich (writer) |
| 释义 |
| name = Alexander Arkadievich Galich | native_name = Александр Аркадьевич Галич | image = Galich lebedev.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Alexander Aronovich Ginzburg | birth_date = {{birth date|1918|10|19}} | birth_place = Ekaterinoslav (now Dnipropetrovsk), Ukraine | death_date = {{death date and age|1977|12|15|1918|10|19}} | death_place = Paris, France | nationality = Ukrainian | citizenship = Soviet Union | other_names = | occupation = poet, screenwriter, playwright, singer-songwriter, and dissident | years_active = | known_for = his songs and participation in Soviet dissident movement | awards = | notable_works = }} Alexander Arkadievich Galich ({{lang-ru|Алекса́ндр Арка́дьевич Га́лич|p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐrˈkadʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈɡalʲɪtɕ|a=Alyeksandr Arkad'yevich Galich.ru.vorb.oga}}, {{lang-uk|Олександр Аркадійович Галич}}; born Alexander Aronovich Ginzburg, {{lang-ru|Алекса́ндр Аро́нович Ги́нзбург|p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐˈronəvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈɡʲinzbʊrk|a=Alyeksandr Aronovich Ginzburg.ru.vorb.oga}}, {{lang-uk|Олександр Аркадійович Гінзбург}}, 19 October 1918, Ekaterinoslav – 15 December 1977, Paris) was a Soviet poet, screenwriter, playwright, singer-songwriter, and dissident. BiographyGalich is a pen name, an abbreviation of his last name, first name, and patronymic: Ginzburg Alexander Arkadievich. He was born on 19 October 1918 in Ekaterinoslav (then Dnipropetrovsk and now Dnipro), Ukraine, into a family of Jewish intellectuals. His father, Aron Samoilovich Ginzburg, was an economist, and his mother, Fanni Borisovna Veksler, worked in a music conservatory. For most of his childhood he lived in Sevastopol. Before World War II, he entered the Gorky Literary Institute, then moved to Konstantin Stanislavski's Operatic-Dramatic Studio, and then to the Studio-Theatre of Alexei Arbuzov and Valentin Pluchek (in 1939). He wrote plays and screenplays, and in the late 1950s, he started to write songs and sing them accompanying himself on his guitar. Influenced by the Russian city romance tradition and the art of Alexander Vertinsky, Galich developed his own voice within the genre. He practically single-handedly created the genre of "bard song". Many of his songs spoke of the Second World War and the lives of concentration camp inmates—subjects which Vladimir Vysotsky also began tackling at around the same time. They became popular with the public and were made available via magnitizdat. His first songs, though rather innocent politically, nevertheless were distinctly out of tune with the official Soviet aesthetics. They marked a turning point in Galich's creative life, since before this, he was a quite successful Soviet man of letters. This turn was also brought about by the aborted premiere of his play Matrosskaya Tishina written for the newly opened Sovremennik Theatre. The play, already rehearsed, was banned by censors, who claimed that the author had a distorted view of the role of Jews in the Great Patriotic War. This incident was later described by Galich in the story Generalnaya Repetitsiya (Dress Rehearsal). Galich's increasingly sharp criticism of the Soviet regime in his music caused him many problems. After it was established in 1970, the dissident Committee on Human Rights in the USSR included Galich as an honorary member.[1] In 1971, he was expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union, which he had joined in 1955. In 1972, he was expelled from the Union of Cinematographers. That year he became baptized in the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alexander Men. Galich was forced to emigrate from the Soviet Union in 1974. He initially lived in Norway for one year, where he made his first recordings outside of the USSR. These were broadcast by him on Radio Liberty. His songs critical towards the Soviet government became immensely popular in the underground scene in the USSR. He later moved to Munich and finally to Paris. On the evening of 15 December 1977, he was found dead by his wife, clutching a Grundig stereo recording antenna plugged into a power socket. While his death was declared to be an accident,[2][3] no one witnessed the exact circumstances of his death.[4] According to his daughter Alena Galich-Arkhangelskaya, that was a murder by the KGB. The results of official investigation were not publicly released by French police.[3][5] In 1988, he was posthumously re-instated into the Writers' and Cinematographers' Unions. In 2003, the first memorial plaque for Galich was put up on a building in Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk) where he performed in 1968. That same year, the Alexander Galich Memorial Society was founded. MusicAlexander Galich, like most bards, had a fairly minimal musical background. He played his songs on a seven string Russian guitar, which was fairly standard at the time. He often wrote in the key of D minor, relying on very simple chord progressions and fingerpicking techniques. He had basic piano playing skills as well. Galich had a signature cadence that he would usually play at the conclusion of a song (and sometimes at the beginning). He would play the D minor chord toward the top of the fretboard (fret position 0XX0233, thickest to thinnest string, open G tuning), then slide down the fretboard to a higher voiced D minor (0 X X 0 10 10 12). Bibliography
Discography
Notes1. ^{{Cite book| title = Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights| last = Alexeyeva| first = Lyudmila| date = 1987| publisher = Wesleyan University Press| others = Carol Pearce (trans.)| isbn = 0-8195-6176-2| location = Middletown, Conn.| page = 293}} 2. ^Mikhail Aronov. Alexander Galich. Full Biography. Moscow: NLO, 2012, 912 pages. {{ISBN|978-5-86793-931-1}}, pages 817-818, 820-822 and 827. 3. ^1 Alena Galich: «My Father Was Murdered!» interview by Moskovskij Komsomolets, January 10, 2013 (in Russian) 4. ^see biography on peoples.ru(Russian) 5. ^Actress Alena Galich-Arkhangelskaya, Daughter of Alexander Galich interview by the Gordon's Boulevard newspaper, № 42 (442), October 15, 2013 (in Russian) References
External links
28 : 1918 births|1977 deaths|People from Dnipro|Soviet Jews|Soviet dramatists and playwrights|Soviet male writers|20th-century Russian male writers|Soviet screenwriters|Male screenwriters|Soviet male singer-songwriters|Seven-string guitarists|Soviet male singers|Soviet poets|Male poets|Jewish poets|Russian-language poets|Pseudonymous writers|Soviet dissidents|Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism|Soviet expellees|Soviet emigrants to Norway|Soviet emigrants to Germany|Soviet emigrants to France|Accidental deaths by electrocution|Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery|Male dramatists and playwrights|20th-century guitarists|20th-century male singers |
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