“Ferdinand II of Aragon”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ferdinand II ({{lang-an|Ferrando}}; {{lang-ca|Ferran}}; {{lang-eu|Errando}}; {{lang-es|Fernando}}; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic ({{lang-es|el Católico|link=no}}), was King of Aragon^[1] from 1479 until his death. His marriage in 1469 to Isabella, the future queen of Castile, was the marital and political "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy."^[2] As a consequence of his marriage to Isabella I, he was de jure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V from 1474 until her death in 1504. At Isabella's death the crown of Castile passed to their daughter Joanna, by the terms of their prenuptial agreement and her last will and testament. Following the death of Joanna's husband Philip I of Spain, and her alleged mental illness, Ferdinand was recognized as regent of Castile from 1508 until his own death. In 1504, after a war with France, he became King of Naples as Ferdinand III, reuniting Naples with Sicily permanently and for the first time since 1458. In 1512, he became King of Navarre by conquest. In 1506 he married Germaine of Foix of France, but Ferdinand's only son and child of that marriage died soon after birth; had the child survived, the personal union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile would have ceased.

Ferdinand had a role in inaugurating the first European encounters in the future Americas, since he and Isabella sponsored the first voyage of Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), in 1492. That year was the final victory in the war with Granada which defeated the last Muslim state in Iberia and all of Western Europe. This brought to a close the centuries-long Christian reconquest of Iberia. For that Christian victory, Pope Alexander VI, born in the Kingdom of Valencia, awarded the royal couple the title of Catholic Monarchs. At Ferdinand's death Joanna's son, Ferdinand's grandson, Charles I, who was co-ruler in name over all the several Iberian kingdoms except for Portugal, succeeded him, making Charles the first King of Spain. However, during the regency of Ferdinand, many called him the King of Spain as distinct from his daughter Joanna, "queen of Castile".^[3]

Biography

Acquiring titles and powers

Ferdinand was born in Sada Palace, Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez.^[4] He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto." He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful.^[5] When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown.^[6] (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707–1715.)

The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada (Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.^[7]

The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree,^[8] a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptised and convert to Christianity or to leave the country.^[9] It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon (most Jews either converted or moved to Islamic lands of North Africa and the Ottoman Empire). 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas.

In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes – by a north–south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean.

Forced conversions

Ferdinand violated the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practised by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition was King Ferdinand II.

Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts in Granada alone, burning them.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive Kings of France over control of Italy, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and accession of his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504.

After Isabella

Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance of her 26 November 1504 death. In it she spelled out the succession to the crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. Isabella was dubious of Joanna's ability to rule and was not confident of Joanna's husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his role in Castile. "On the day of his wife's death, Ferdinand formally renounced his title as king of Castile, which he had held since 1474, and instead became governor (gobernador) of the kingdom," as a way to become regent. Philip deemed his wife sane and fit to rule. A compromise was forged between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued role in Castile.^[11] Ferdinand II had served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile.

In the Treaty of Villafáfila of 1506, Ferdinand renounced not only the government of Castile in favor of his son-in-law Philip I of Castile but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding a half of the income of the kingdoms of the Indies.^[12] Joanna of Castile and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for long because of the death of Philip; Ferdinand returned as regent of Castile and as "lord the Indies".^[13]

The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with France in July 1505 and married Germaine of Foix, also of the house of Trastámara, cementing the alliance with France. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile."^[11] and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Aragon. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, Vimbodí i Poblet, Catalonia, Kingdom of Aragon, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon.^[14]

Ferdinand had no legal position in Castile with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and Ferdinand left Castile in July 1506. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile was in crisis. Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna's and Philip's son, Charles, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. Ferdinand led an army against the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had seized control there by force.^[15]

In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the 'League of Cambrai'. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.

In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Castilian invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had manoeuvred for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizeable territories of the Pyrenees and western Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.

Ferdinand II died on 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Kingdom of Castile and Leon.

He is entombed at Capilla Real, Granada, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. His wife Isabella I, daughter Joanna I, and son-in-law Philip I rest beside him there.

Legacy and succession

Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective sovereignty under equal terms. They utilised a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta (or monta tanto), Isabel como Fernando", ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been, the crown power was centralised, at least in name, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.

During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances through marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Austria, and Burgundy. Their first-born daughter Isabella was married to Alfonso of Portugal, and their first-born son John was married to Margaret of Austria. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna.^[16]

In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King.^[17]^[18] So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent).^[19] Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him^[20] as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.^[21]

Ferdinand's grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire.

Children

With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children:

(whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois, Kingdom of France), King Ferdinand had one son:

He also left several illegitimate children, two of them were born before his marriage to Isabella:

Ancestry

Heraldry

Depiction in film and television

See also

References

1. ^Aragonese crown included the kingdoms of Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily, and Valencia, as well as the Principality of Catalonia.
2. ^Bethany Aram, "Monarchs of Spain" in Iberia and the Americas, vol. 2, p. 725. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio 2006.
3. ^Aram, "Monarchs of Spain", p. 725.
4. ^Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. xiii
5. ^Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 1–37
6. ^Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 38–39
7. ^Joseph F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1983), 24. {{ISBN|0-8014-9264-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC&pg=PA24 Preview] of cited page available on Google Books as of 10 March 2011. See also: Richard Fletcher, "The Early Middle Ages, 700–1250," in Spain: A History, ed. Raymond Carr (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). {{ISBN|0-19-280236-4}}.
8. ^Michael C. Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2010), 158.
9. ^Bernard Lewis, Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the Age of Discovery (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 35–6. {{ISBN|0-19-509026-8}}
10. ^Miles H. Davidson, Columbus then and now: a life reexamined, University of Oklahoma Press 1997, {{ISBN|0-8061-2934-4}}, p. 474.
11. ^¹Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, p. 288.
12. ^{{cite book | title = Memoria del Segundo Congreso Venezolano de Historia, del 18 al 23 de noviembre de 1974 | language = Spanish | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia (Venezuela) | year = 1975 | page = 404 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=GFdsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+ra%C3%ADz+de+la+cual+Fernando+perdi%C3%B3+no+solamente+el+gobierno+de+Castilla,+sino+tambi%C3%A9n+el+se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo+de+las+Indias,+quedando+solamente%22&dq=%22a+ra%C3%ADz+de+la+cual+Fernando+perdi%C3%B3+no+solamente+el+gobierno+de+Castilla,+sino+tambi%C3%A9n+el+se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo+de+las+Indias,+quedando+solamente%22}}
13. ^{{cite book | last = Sánchez Prieto | first = Ana Belén | title = La intitulación diplomática de los Reyes Católicos: un programa político y una lección de historia | language = Spanish | publisher = III Jornadas Científicas sobre Documentación en época de los Reyes Católicos | year = 2004 | page = 296 | url = http://www.ucm.es/centros/cont/descargas/documento11351.pdf }}
14. ^De Francisco Olmos, José María: Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517), Revista General de Información y Documentación 13, 133–153, 2003. URL: L. Külső hivatkozások
15. ^Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, pp. 288–89.
16. ^Elliot, J. H. Imperial Spain 1469–1716. Penguin Books (New York: 2002), pg. 208. {{ISBN|0-14-100703-6}}
17. ^Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 137
18. ^Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114061003/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF |date=14 January 2012 }}, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 299
19. ^Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid) page 138
20. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA51 Historia general de España; Modesto Lafuente (1861)], pp. 51–52.
21. ^Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, page 64 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}
22. ^¹{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II of Aragon |volume=15}}
23. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |last=Ortega Gato |first=Esteban |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1098484.pdf |format=PDF |title=Los Enríquez, Almirantes de Castilla |trans-title=The Enríquezes, Admirals of Castille |journal=Publicaciones de la Institución "Tello Téllez de Meneses" |language=es |issn=0210-7317 |volume=70 |year=1999 |page=42}}
24. ^¹{{Britannica|204397|Ferdinand I, King of Aragon}}
25. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/496/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |page=497}}
26. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.fundacionmedinaceli.org/casaducal/fichaindividuo.aspx?id=616 |title=Mariana de Ayala Córdoba y Toledo |publisher=Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation |access-date=2018-08-21 |df=dmy-all}}
27. ^¹{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John I of Castile |volume=15}}
28. ^¹{{citation |last=Louda |first=Jirí |last2=MacLagan |first2=Michael |year=1999 |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Little, Brown and Company}}
29. ^¹{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/43890/juana-de-mendoza |title=Juana de Mendoza |encyclopedia=Diccionario Biográfico Español |publisher=Real Academia de Historia |access-date=2018-10-17 |language=es |df=dmy-all}}
30. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.fundacionmedinaceli.org/casaducal/fichaindividuo.aspx?id=4557 |title=Diego Fernández de Córdoba |publisher=Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation |access-date=2018-08-21 |df=dmy-all}}
31. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.fundacionmedinaceli.org/casaducal/fichaindividuo.aspx?id=4558 |title=Inés de Ayala y Toledo |publisher=Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation |access-date=2018-08-21 |df=dmy-all}}
32. ^¹²³⁴⁵Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cCLL5mbUA-wC&pg=PA207 «Los Reyes Católicos»], El escudo de España, Madrid, Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía; Ediciones Hidalguia. {{ISBN|978-84-88833-02-0}}