“J1 League”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The {{Nihongo|J1 League|J1リーグ|J1 Rīgu}} is the top division of the {{Nihongo|Japan Professional Football League|日本プロサッカーリーグ|Nihon Puro Sakkā Rīgu^[1]}} and the top professional association football J.League in Japan.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] It is one of the most successful leagues in Asian club football. Currently, the J1 League is the first level of the Japanese association football league system. The second tier is represented by the J2 League. It is currently sponsored by Meiji Yasuda Life and thus officially known as the Meiji Yasuda J1 League. Until the 2014 season it was named the J.League Division 1.

History

Phases of J1

Before the professional league (1992 and earlier)

Before the inception of the J.League, the highest level of club football was the Japan Soccer League (JSL), which consisted of amateur clubs.^[9]^[10] Despite being well-attended during the boom of the late 1960s and early 1970s (when Japan's national team won the bronze Olympic medal at the 1968 games in Mexico), the JSL went into decline in the 1980s, in general line with the deteriorating situation worldwide. Fans were few, the grounds were not of the highest quality, and the Japanese national team was not on a par with the Asian powerhouses. To raise the level of play domestically, to attempt to garner more fans, and to strengthen the national team, the Japan Football Association (JFA) decided to form a professional league.

The professional association football league, J.League was formed in 1992, with eight clubs drawn from the JSL First Division, one from the Second Division, and the newly formed Shimizu S-Pulse. At the same time, JSL changed its name and became the former Japan Football League, a semi-professional league. Although the J.League did not officially launch until 1993, the Yamazaki Nabisco Cup competition was held between the ten clubs in 1992 to prepare for the inaugural season.

Inaugural season and J.League boom (1993–1995)

After the boom (1996–1999)

Despite the success in the first three years, in early 1996 the league attendance declined rapidly. In 1997 the average attendance was 10,131, compared to more than 19,000 in 1994.

Change of infrastructure and game formats (1999–2004)

The league's management finally realized that they were heading in the wrong direction. In order to solve the problem, the management came out with two solutions.

First, they announced the J.League Hundred Year Vision, in which they aim to make 100 professional association football clubs in the nation of Japan by 2092, the hundredth season. The league also encouraged the clubs to promote football or non-football related sports and health activities, to acquire local sponsorships, and to build good relationship with their hometowns at the grass-root level. The league believed that this will allow the clubs to bond with their respective cities and towns and get support from local government, companies, and citizens. In other words, clubs will be able to rely on the locals, rather than major national sponsors.

Second, the infrastructure of the league was heavily changed in 1999. The league acquired nine clubs from the semi-professional JFL and one club from J.League to create a two division system. The top flight became the J.League Division 1 (J1) with 16 clubs while J.League Division 2 (J2) was launched with ten clubs in 1999. The former second-tier Japan Football League now became the third-tier Japan Football League.

Also, until 2004 (with the exception of 1996 season), the J1 season was divided into two. At the end of each full season, the champion from each half played a two-legged series to determine the overall season winner and runners-up. Júbilo Iwata in 2002, and Yokohama F. Marinos in 2003, won both "halves" of the respective seasons, thus eliminating the need for the playoff series. This was the part of the reason the league abolished the split-season system starting from 2005.

European League Format & AFC Champions League (2005–2008)

Since the 2005 season, J.League Division 1 consisted of 18 clubs (from 16 in 2004) and the season format became more similar to European club football. The number of relegated clubs also increased from 2 to 2.5, with the 3rd-to-last club going into the promotion/relegation playoffs with the third-placed J2 club. Since then, other than minor adjustments, the top flight has stayed consistent.

Japanese teams did not treat the AFC Champions League that seriously in the early years, in part due to the distances travelled and teams played. However, in the 2008 Champions League, three Japanese sides made the quarter-finals.^[11]

However, in recent years, with the inclusion of the A-League in Eastern Asia, introduction to the Club World Cup, and increased marketability in the Asian continent, both the league and the clubs paid more attention to Asian competition. For example, Kawasaki Frontale built up a notable fan base in Hong Kong, owing to their participation in the Asian Champions League during the 2007 season.^[12] Continuous effort led to the success of Urawa Red Diamonds in 2007 and Gamba Osaka in 2008. Thanks to excellent league management and competitiveness in Asian competition, the AFC awarded J.League the highest league ranking and a total of four slots starting from the 2009 season. The league took this as an opportunity to sell TV broadcasting rights to foreign countries, especially in Asia.

Also starting from the 2008 season, the Emperor's Cup Winner was allowed to participate in the upcoming Champions League season, rather than waiting a whole year (i.e. 2005 Emperor's Cup winner, Tokyo Verdy, participated in the 2007 ACL season, instead of the 2006 season). In order to fix this one-year lag issue, the 2007 Emperor's Cup winner, Kashima Antlers' turn was waived. Nonetheless, Kashima Antlers ended up participating in the 2009 ACL season by winning the J.League title in the 2008 season.

Modern phase (2009–2016)

Three major changes were seen starting in the 2009 season. First, starting that season, four clubs entered the AFC Champions League. Secondly, the number of relegation slots increased to three. Finally, the AFC Player slot was implemented starting this season. Each club will be allowed to have a total of four foreign players; however, one slot is reserved for a player that derives from an AFC country other than Japan. Also, as a requirement of being a member of the Asian Football Confederation, the J.League Club Licence regulations started in 2012 as one criterion of whether a club was allowed to stay in its division or to be promoted to a higher tier in professional level league. No major changes happened to J.League Division 1 as the number of clubs stayed at 18.

In 2015 the J.League Division 1 was renamed J1 League. Also, the tournament format was changed to a three-stage system. The season was split into first and second stages, followed by a third and final championship stage. The third stage was composed of three to five teams. The top point accumulator in each stage and the top three point accumulators for the overall season qualified. If both of the stage winners finished in the top three teams for the season, then only three teams qualified for the championship stage. These teams then took part in a championship playoff stage to decide the winner of the league trophy.

Future (2017–)

Despite the new multi-stage format being initially reported as locked in for five seasons, due to a negative reaction from hardcore fans, and a failure to appeal to casual fans, towards the end of the 2016 it was abandoned in favour of a return to a single-stage system.^[13] From 2017, the team which accumulates the most points will be named champion, with no championship stage taking place at the season's end, and from 2018, the bottom two clubs are relegated and the 16th-placed club enters a playoff with the J2 club that wins a promotion playoff series.^[14] If the J2 playoff winner prevails, the club is promoted, with the J1 club being relegated, otherwise the J1 club can retain its position in J1 League with the promotion failure of the J2 club.

In November 2017, Urawa Red Diamonds played the AFC Champions League final against Al Hilal. After a draw in the first leg, Urawa Red Diamonds won the second leg 1-0 and were crowned Asian Champions. In the past 10–15 years, Japanese clubs have risen not only continentally, but also internationally. Clubs Gamba Osaka and Urawa Red Diamonds have been crowned Asian champions and participated in the Club World Cup, always targeting at least the semi-finals. Kashima Antlers were finalists of the 2016 edition and eventually lost to Real Madrid.

Timeline

2019 season

League format

Eighteen clubs will play in double round-robin (home and away) format, a total of 34 games each. A club receives 3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and 0 points for a loss. The clubs are ranked by points, and tiebreakers are, in the following order:

A draw would be conducted, if necessary. However, if two clubs are tied for first place, both clubs will be declared as co-champions. The top three clubs will qualify to the following year's AFC Champions League, while the bottom two clubs will be relegated to J2. The third club will play a playoff against the J2 playoffs-winning team.

Participating clubs

Stadiums (2019)

Former clubs

League table

Statistics

Championship history

Most successful clubs

Relegation history

Only four clubs have never been relegated from J1. Among those, only two clubs – Kashima Antlers and Yokohama F. Marinos – have been participating in every league season since its establishment in 1993. Sagan Tosu were promoted to the first division in 2012, and remain there ever since. The former J.League club Yokohama Flügels never experienced relegation before their merger with Yokohama Marinos in 1999.

JEF United Chiba holds the record for the longest top flight participation streak of 44 consecutive seasons in the first divisions of JSL and J.League that lasted since the establishment of JFL in 1965 and ended with their relegation in 2009. The longest ongoing top flight streak belongs to Yokohama F. Marinos who play in the top flight since 1982 (38 seasons as of 2018).

When the league introduced the two-division system in 1999, they also reduced number of Division 1 club from 18 to 16. At the end of 1998 season, they hosted the J.League Promotion Tournament to determine two relegating clubs.

Throughout 1999 to 2003 seasons, two bottom clubs were relegated to Division 2. To accommodate for split-season format, combined overall standings were used to determine the relegating clubs. This created a confusing situation, where for the championship race stage standing were used, while overall standing was used for relegation survival.

At end of the 2004 season, Division 1 again expanded from 16 to 18 clubs. No clubs were relegated; however, last-placed (16th) club had to play Promotion/Relegation Series against 3rd placed club from J2. Again, to determine 16th placed club, overall standing was used instead of stage standing.

For five seasons starting in 2015, three bottom clubs are relegated based on overall standings.

For the next four seasons, 2005 to 2008, the number of relegating clubs was increased to 2.5, with two clubs from each division being promoted and relegated directly, and two more (15th in J1 and 3rd in J2) competed in Promotion/Relegation Series.

In 2009, the pro/rele series were abandoned and three teams are directly exchanged between divisions. In 2012, promotion playoffs were introduced in J2, allowing teams that finished from 3rd to 6th to compete for J1 promotion place, and since 2018, the bottom two teams are relegated and the entry playoff has the 16th team play the J2 playoff winner.

Other tournaments

Players and managers

Players

Managers

Media coverage

Current broadcasters

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jfa.jp/documents/faq/terminology.html |title=サッカー用語集 (Football glossary) |date=January 25, 2017 |website=JFA |publisher=Japan Football Association |language=Japanese |access-date=February 24, 2019 |quote=「日本プロサッカーリーグ」の読みは、「にほんプロサッカーリーグ」。 }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/5486/j-league-history/2013/09/09/4248337/j-league-history-part-5-expansion-success-and-a-bright?ICID=AR |title=J-League History Part 5: Expansion, success, and a bright future |website=Goal.com |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/5486/j-league-history/2013/09/09/4248310/j-league-history-part-4-exporting-talent?ICID=AR |title=J-League History Part 4: Exporting Talent |website=Goal.com |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/5486/j-league-history/2013/09/09/4248301/j-league-history-part-3-growing-pains?ICID=AR |title=J-League History Part 3: Growing pains emerge on the road to the 2002 World Cup |website=Goal.com |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/5486/j-league-history/2013/09/09/4248281/j-league-history-part-2-the-early-years?ICID=AR |title=J-League History Part 2: Verdy Kawasaki dominates the early years |website=Goal.com |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3883/features/2013/09/09/4249128/j-league-history-part-1-beginnings |title=J-League History Part 1: Professional football begins in Japan |website=Goal.com |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
7. ^{{cite news|author= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/06/world/tokyo-journal-japan-falls-for-soccer-leaving-baseball-in-lurch.html |title=Tokyo Journal; Japan Falls for Soccer, Leaving Baseball in Lurch |work=New York Times |date=6 June 1994 |accessdate=17 November 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0611/11111.html/(page)/2 |title=Japan Wages Soccer Campaign |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=11 June 1993 |accessdate=17 November 2013}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=107/edition=4735/news/newsid=101705.html |title=Football finds a home in Japan |publisher=FIFA |date=12 December 2005 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc-daily/997-July-2010/5577-how-japan-created-a-successful-league |title=How Japan created a successful league |work=When Saturday Comes |date=18 July 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/14/asia/2008/08/11/813727/asian-debate-is-japan-becoming-asias-leader|title=Asian Debate: Is Japan Becoming Asia's Leader?|last=John Duerden|date=11 August 2008|website=Goal.com|accessdate=19 August 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nikkansports.com/soccer/news/p-sc-tp0-20080308-332738.html | script-title=ja:川崎Ｆが香港でブレーク中、生中継で火 | language=Japanese | publisher = NikkanSports | date=8 March 2008 | accessdate = 8 March 2008}}
13. ^{{cite web|last1=Duerden|first1=John|title=J.League seeks to wrestle back spotlight from Chinese Super League|url=http://www.espnfc.com.au/club/kashima-antlers/7115/blog/post/3070641/jleague-seeks-to-wrestle-back-spotlight-from-chinese-super-league|website=ESPN FC|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2 March 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.jleague.jp/release/post-51923/ |title=2018J1参入プレーオフ大会方式および試合方式について |publisher=J.League |date=12 December 2017 |accessdate=12 December 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/japan/j1-league/2012/regular-season/|title=J1 League: Summary|work=Soccerway|publisher=Global Sports Media|accessdate=19 August 2012}}
16. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.k-vision.tv/a/saksikan-j-league-hanya-di-k-vision-on-terus|title=Saksikan J.League Hanya di K-Vision On Terus!|last=K-VISION|date=2 November 2018|work=K-VISION|access-date=3 November 2018|language=id-ID}}