| 词条 | Jacques Marquette | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Jacques Marquette | image = Pere Marquette closup.JPG | caption = 1869 portrait of Marquette | birth_date = {{birth date|1637|6|1}} | birth_place = Laon, Kingdom of France | death_date = {{death date and age|1675|5|18|1637|6|1}} | death_place = near Ludington, Michigan | other_names = Pere Marquette}} Father Jacques Marquette S.J. (June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675),[1] sometimes known as Père Marquette or James Marquette, [2] was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan. In 1673, Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River Valley. BiographyJacques Marquette was born in Laon, France, on June 1, 1637. He came of an ancient family distinguished for its civic and military services. Marquette joined the Society of Jesus at age 17.[3] He studied and taught in France for several years, the Jesuits assigned him to New France in 1666 as a missionary to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Arriving at Quebec he was at once signed to Trois-Rivières on the Saint Lawrence, where he assisted Gabriel Druillettes and, as preliminary to further work, devoted himself to the study of the local languages, and became fluent in six different dialects.[4] In 1668 Father Marquette was moved by his superiors to missions farther up the St. Lawrence River in the western Great Lakes region. That year he helped Gabriel Druillettes found the mission at Sault Ste. Marie in present-day Michigan.[5] Other missions were founded at St. Ignace in 1671 (St. Ignace Mission),[3] and at La Pointe, on Lake Superior near the city of Ashland, Wisconsin. At La Pointe he encountered members of the Illinois tribes, who told him about the important trading route of the Mississippi River. They invited him to teach their people, whose settlements were mostly farther south. Because of wars between the Hurons at La Pointe and the neighboring Lakota people, Father Marquette left the mission and went to the Straits of Mackinac; he informed his superiors about the rumored river and requested permission to explore it. Leave was granted, and in 1673 Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer. They departed from St. Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry (Métis).[3] They followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters. From there, they were told to portage their canoes a distance of slightly less than two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River. Many years later, at that point the town of Portage, Wisconsin was built, named for the ancient path between the two rivers. From the portage, they ventured forth, and on June 17 they entered the Mississippi near present-day Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. The Joliet-Marquette expedition traveled to within {{convert|435|mi}} of the Gulf of Mexico but turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River. By this point they had encountered several natives carrying European trinkets, and they feared an encounter with explorers or colonists from Spain.[7] They followed the Mississippi back to the mouth of the Illinois River, which they learned from local natives provided a shorter route back to the Great Lakes. They reached Lake Michigan near the site of modern-day Chicago, by way of the Chicago Portage. In September Marquette stopped at the mission of St. Francis Xavier, located in present-day Green Bay, Wisconsin, while Jolliet returned to Quebec to relate the news of their discoveries.[8] Marquette and his party returned to the Illinois Territory in late 1674, becoming the first Europeans to winter in what would become the city of Chicago. As welcomed guests of the Illinois Confederation, the explorers were feasted en route and fed ceremonial foods such as sagamite.[9] In the spring of 1675, Marquette traveled westward and celebrated a public mass at the Grand Village of the Illinois near Starved Rock. A bout of dysentery which he had contracted during the Mississippi expedition sapped his health. On the return trip to St. Ignace, he died at age 37 near the modern town of Ludington, Michigan. A Michigan Historical Marker at this location reads: {{cquote|Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along the Lake Michigan shore on May 18, 1675. He had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace which he had left in 1673 to go exploring in the Mississippi country. The exact location of his death has long been a subject of controversy. A spot close to the southeast slope of this hill, near the ancient outlet of the Pere Marquette River, corresponds with the death site as located by early French accounts and maps and a constant tradition of the past. Marquette's remains were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.[10]}}The Ojibway Museum on State Street in downtown St. Ignace is in a building that was constructed adjacent to Marquette's gravesite during urban development. Legacy and honorsFather Marquette is memorialized in the names of many towns, geographical locations, parks, a major university, and other institutions:
In addition, statues in Marquette's honor have been erected in several places, including the Prairie du Chien Post Office; Parliament Building, Quebec, Canada; at Marquette University; Detroit, Michigan; and Fort Mackinac, Michigan. Other types of memorials were erected, including those at his birthplace in Laon, France; and St. Mary's Church, Utica, Illinois. The Legler Branch of the Chicago Public Library displays "Wilderness, Winter River Scene," a restored mural by Midwestern artist R. Fayerweather Babcock. The mural depicts Father Jacques Marquette and Native Americans trading by a river. Commissioned for Legler Branch in 1934, the mural was funded by the Works Projects Administration.[15] Marquette was honored on the one-cent Trans-Mississippi Exposition issue, which shows him on the Mississippi River[16] and by a 6-cent stamp issued September 20, 1968. It was the 300th anniversary of his establishing the oldest permanent settlement in Michigan at Sault Sainte Marie.[17] Photo gallerySee also{{Portal|Catholicism|New France}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051070/Jacques-Marquette|title=Jacques Marquette|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{catholic|wstitle=Jacques Marquette, S.J.}}2. ^Melody, John. "Archdiocese of Chicago" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 23 February 2012 3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/jacques-marquette-20984755?page=1|title="Jacques Marquette", Biography|work=biography.com}} 4. ^Spalding, Henry. "Jacques Marquette, S.J." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 February 2019 5. ^Monet, J., “Marquette, Jacques", Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003 6. ^The painting was rendered as an engraving on a US commemorative postage stamp, 1898 (Illustration) 7. ^Catton, Bruce (1984). Michigan: A History, p. 14. W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|0-393-30175-3}} 8. ^[https://archive.org/stream/pioneerpriests03campuoft?ref=ol#page/164/mode/2up Campbell, T.J., "James Marquette", Pioneer priests of North America, 1642-1710, Vol. 3, Fordham University Press, 1910] 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/001583.asp|title=Odd Wisconsin Archive: Beer and Sweet Corn|work=wisconsinhistory.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053840/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/001583.asp|archive-date=21 September 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0278.htm|title=Michigan Historical Markers|work=michmarkers.com|access-date=2008-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331074158/http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0278.htm|archive-date=2009-03-31|dead-url=yes|df=}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://clarke.cmich.edu/resource_tab/bibliographies_of_clarke_library_material/michigan_local_history/county_material/marquette.html |publisher=Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University |title=Bibliography on Marquette County|accessdate=January 20, 2013}} 12. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z8NRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0lUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6666%2C2546788 | title=Focus on our history: How county was named | work=Ludington Daily News | date=October 3, 1987 | accessdate=30 April 2015 | pages=2}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2376&keyword=marquette|title=Term: Marquette, Jacques 1637 – 1675|work=wisconsinhistory.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095054/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2376&keyword=marquette|archive-date=3 November 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marquettetrans.com/ |title=Home {{!}} Marquette Transportation Company |author= |date=2015 |website=marquettetrans.com |publisher=Marquette Transportation Company LLC. |access-date=7 May 2015}} 15. ^Chicago Public Library. [https://www.chipublib.org/about-legler-branch/ About Legler Branch]. 16. ^Haimann, Alexander T., "[https://arago.si.edu/category_2028274.html Arago: people, postage & the post. 1-cent Marquette on the Mississippi]". National Postal Museum. Accessed May 2, 2017. 17. ^Tessa Sabol. "[https://postalmuseum.si.edu/research/pdfs/Sabol-Trans-Mississippi.pdf Trans-Mississippi Exposition Commemorative Stamp Issue and National Identity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century]". National Postal Museum. Accessed May 2, 2017. External links{{commons|Jacques Marquette|Jacques Marquette}}
15 : 1637 births|1675 deaths|French Roman Catholics|People from Laon|People of Colonial French Louisiana|People of New France|Explorers of Canada|French explorers of North America|French explorers|17th-century French Jesuits|Marquette University people|Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)|Burials in Michigan|Explorers of the United States|Deaths from dysentery |
||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。