“HMS Royal Sovereign (1786)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMS Royal Sovereign was a 100-gun first rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy,^[1] which served as the flagship of Admiral Collingwood at the Battle of Trafalgar. She was the third of seven Royal Navy ships to bear the name. Designed by Sir Edward Hunt, she was launched at Plymouth Dockyard on 11 September 1786,^[1] at a cost of £67,458, and was the only ship built to her draught. She was known by her crew as the "West Country Wagon" due to her poor manoeuvrability and speed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In service

On 16 June 1795, as the flagship of Vice-Admiral William Cornwallis, she was involved in the celebrated episode known as 'Cornwallis' Retreat'.^[2]

Trafalgar

The first ship of the fleet in action at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, she led one column of warships; Nelson's Victory led the other. Due to the re-coppering of her hull prior to her arrival off Cádiz, Royal Sovereign was a considerably better sailer in the light winds present that day than other vessels, and pulled well ahead of the rest of the fleet. As she cut the enemy line alone and engaged the Spanish three decker Santa Ana, Nelson pointed to her and said, 'See how that noble fellow Collingwood carries his ship into action!' At approximately the same moment, Collingwood remarked to his captain, Edward Rotheram, 'What would Nelson give to be here?'^[3]

At 4.40 pm one of Victory{{'}}s boats, carrying Captain Henry Blackwood and Lieutenant Hill, came alongside and Blackwood reported Nelson's death to Collingwood.^[10] This left Collingwood in command of the fleet, and with a storm rising, and disregarding Nelson's final order to bring the fleet to anchor, Collingwood ordered Blackwood to hoist the signal to all ships to come to the wind on the starboard tack, and to take disabled and captured ships in tow.^[11] Royal Sovereign was by now almost or totally unmanageable and virtually uninhabitable.^[12] As she had most of her masts shot away she could not make signals.^[11] Having his ship too much disabled by enemy fire^[13] at just before of 6 pm Collingwood, who had succeeded Nelson in command of the fleet had to transfer himself and his flag to the frigate Euryalus,^[13] while Euryalus sent a cable across and took Royal Sovereign in tow for second time.^[11] At the end of the action Collingwood signalled from the frigate to the rest of the fleet to prepare to anchor. {{HMS|Neptune|1797|6}} took over the tow on 22 October, and was replaced by {{HMS|Mars|1794|6}} on 23 October.^[4]^[14]

After Trafalgar

She was credited with the capture on 5 August 1812 of the American ship Asia, of 251 tons, which had been sailing from St. Mary's to Plymouth with a cargo of timber.^[17] Royal Sovereign shared the proceeds of the capture with all the vessels in Keith's squadron, suggesting that what happened was that Asia sailed into Plymouth unaware that the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States had broken out and was seized as she arrived, the formal credit going to the flagship.{{#tag:ref|A first-class share was worth £9 10s 10d; a sixth-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth 2s 6d.^[18]|group=Note}}

After her useful active life she was converted to harbour service as a receiving ship at Plymouth before being renamed HMS Captain^[19] on 17 August 1825. Hulked in June 1826, Captain was finally broken up at Plymouth,^[1] with work being completed on 28 August 1841. Four of her guns were saved and are incorporated in the Collingwood Memorial in Tynemouth.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

Notes, citations, and references

1. ^¹²³Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p178.
2. ^¹Ships of the Old Navy, Royal Sovereign (1).
3. ^{{cite book |last=Heathcote |title=Nelson's Trafalgar Captains |page=41}}
4. ^¹{{cite book |last=Adkin |title=The Trafalgar Companion |page=323}}
5. ^¹{{cite book |last=Clayton |title=Trafalgar|page=214}}
6. ^Newbolt. p.124
7. ^{{cite book |last=Clayton |title=Trafalgar|page=243}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Clayton |title=Trafalgar|page=249}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Clayton |title=Trafalgar|pages=242–5}}
10. ^{{cite book |last=Goodwin |title=The Ships of Trafalgar |page=19}}
11. ^¹²{{cite book |last=Clayton |title=Trafalgar|page=257}}
12. ^Pocock p.141
13. ^¹Duke Younge p.334
14. ^{{cite book |last=Clayton |title=Trafalgar|page=301}}
15. ^William p.45
16. ^Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, David Bonner Smith
17. ^{{London Gazette|date=27 March 1813|issue=16715|page=627}}
18. ^Keith's share was worth £85 17s 6½d.{{London Gazette|date=11 March 1817|issue=17229|page=614}}
19. ^Ships of the Old Navy, Royal Sovereign (2).