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词条 Jalandhar
释义

  1. History

  2. Climate

  3. Demographics

     Population  Literacy  Religion 

  4. Economy

  5. Transport

     By air  By rail  By road 

  6. Commerce

     Religious places 

  7. Leisure

  8. Media

  9. Healthcare

  10. Sports

     Cricket  Kabaddi  Guru Gobind Singh Stadium  Surjit Hockey Stadium  Sports college 

  11. Education

     Universities  Schools 

  12. Jalandhar Cantonment

  13. Notable people

  14. References

  15. External links

{{About|the municipality in Punjab |its namesake district|Jalandhar district}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}{{multiple issues|{{example farm|date=July 2017}}{{Cleanup list|date=July 2017}}{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}{{lead rewrite|reason=does not follow a straightforward, typical article lead format|date=August 2018}}
}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalandhar
| native_name =
| other_name = Jullundur
| image = {{Photomontage
| size = 200
| photo1a = Tomb of Mohammad Momin and Haji Jamal, 02.jpg
| photo2a = Nit jalandhar.jpg
| color = white
| border = 0
}}
| image_alt = Jalandhar City
| image_caption = (clockwise from top) Tomb of Mohammad Momin and Haji Jamal; NIT Jalandhar
| nickname = JUC, JRC
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.326|N|75.576|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name1 = Punjab
| subdivision_name2 = Jalandhar
| established_title =
| established_date = 100 AD
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Commissioner
| leader_name = Vajinder Garg [1]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 228
| population_total = 862,196
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 144 001
| area_code = +91-181-XXX XXXX
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = PB08 and PB90
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = Mayor
| leader_name2 = Sh. Jagdish Raja[2]
| type = City
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 82.4%
| website = {{URL|http://jalandhar.nic.in}}
}}

Jalandhar is a city in the north Indian state of Punjab.

Jalandhar lies alongside the Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected rail and road junction. Jalandhar is 144 km northwest of Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab and Haryana.

History

The history of Jalandhar District comprises three periods — ancient, medieval and modern.

The city[3] is named after Jalandhara, a demon king, who is mentioned in the Puranas and Mahabharta. According to another legend, Jalandhar was the capital of the kingdom of Lava, son of Rama. According to another version Jalandhar is said to have derived its name from the vernacular term `Jalandhar' means area inside the water, i.e., tract lying between the two rivers Satluj and Beas. The whole of Punjab and the area of present Jalandhar District was part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the sites where remains of the Indus Valley Civilization have been found extensively. The archaeological explorations made during recent years have pushed the ancient times of Jalandhar District of Harappa period. Jalandhar was ruled by King Arjan Singh.[4]

The modern history of Jalandhar District states that Khilafat Movement was started in the district in early 1920 to bring pressure upon British rulers to change their policy towards Turkey. Mahatma Gandhi extended sympathy and support to this movement. Jalandhar District was declared 'Proclaimed Area' under the Seditious Meetings Act. After the independence of the country, however, the district was affected by communal riots and exodus of minority communities from both sides of the border, consequent upon the partition of the country.

Climate

The city has a humid subtropical climate with cool winters and long, hot summers. Summers last from April to June and winters from November to February. Temperatures in the summer vary from average highs of around {{convert|48|C}} to average lows of around {{convert|25|C}}. Winter temperatures have highs of {{convert|19|C}} to lows of {{convert|-7|C}}. The climate is dry on the whole, except during the brief southwest monsoon season during July and August. The average annual rainfall is about 70 cm. In 2018, Jalandhar witnessed Heavy rainfall, with over 20% increase from average rainfall.[5] Since it is in the North, it feels really cold, and in summer, warm.

{{Weather box|location= Jalandhar
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 19.4
|Feb high C= 21.6
|Mar high C= 26.0
|Apr high C= 34.5
|May high C= 39.4
|Jun high C= 40.6
|Jul high C= 34.1
|Aug high C= 33.1
|Sep high C= 32.6
|Oct high C= 31.5
|Nov high C= 27.2
|Dec high C= 22.3
|Jan low C= 6.2
|Feb low C= 8.6
|Mar low C= 13.2
|Apr low C= 19.0
|May low C= 23.8
|Jun low C= 25.6
|Jul low C= 24.7
|Aug low C= 25.8
|Sep low C= 21.8
|Oct low C= 18.3
|Nov low C= 12.1
|Dec low C= 7.2
|Jan precipitation mm= 10.7
|Feb precipitation mm= 16.7
|Mar precipitation mm= 32.8
|Apr precipitation mm= 15.2
|May precipitation mm= 20.4
|Jun precipitation mm= 69.7
|Jul precipitation mm= 155.2
|Aug precipitation mm= 183.6
|Sep precipitation mm= 60.0
|Oct precipitation mm= 1.5
|Nov precipitation mm= 6
|Dec precipitation mm= 15
|source = [6]|date=August 2012}}

Demographics

{{see also|List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh}}

Population

As per provisional data of 2011 census Jalandhar had a population of 873,725, of which 463,975 were male and 409,750 female.

Literacy

The literacy rate was 86.22 per cent.[7] For males and females respectively the literacy rate was 88.82% and 83.30%

Religion

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Jalandhar city[8]
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|74.90}}{{bar percent|Sikhism|gold|21.39}}{{bar percent|Islam|#009000|1.47}}{{bar percent|Christianity|red|1.02}}{{bar percent|Others|lightgrey|1.22}}}}

As per the census of 2011, Hinduism and Sikhism are the religions of the vast majority of people in Jalandhar.

Economy

Jalandhar has been selected in the second phase of the smart city project and 200 crores have been allocated to the municipal corporation for initializing the project.

Jalandhar exports goods like furniture, glass to neighboring cities and is a global hub for the manufacture of sporting equipment. Jalandhar is famous for its sports industry and equipment manufactured in Jalandhar has been used in many international sporting games including Olympics, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, among others. It is also a hub for manufacturing of hand tools. Many new malls and shopping complexes are being established at a very rapid pace and as such is also a hub of the NRI's who among many of them belong to Jalandhar region.

Transport

By air

The nearest airport is Jalandhar(Adampur) airport northwest of Jalandhar which currently handles only scheduled operation on maiden flights of private carrier Spicejet to Delhi. The nearest fully-fledged International Airport is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar. It is one of the busiest airports in North India,and is connected to other parts of the country by regular flights. Several airlines operate flights from abroad, including Birmingham, Dubai, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Doha. The airport handles as many as 48 flights every week up from the occasional, intermittent ones some years ago.

By rail

Direct train service is available for other major cities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Patna, Guwahati, Pune, Haridwar, Varanasi, Jaipur and Jammu Tawi. Some prestigious trains that halt in Jalandhar City railway station are Howrah Mail, Golden Temple Mail (Frontier Mail), New-Delhi Amritsar Shatabdi Express, Paschim Express. Now many trains of Jammu route are extended up to Mata Vaishno Devi-Katra.

Jalandhar City Railway Station is well-connected to other parts of the country, Jalandhar City is a major stop between the Amritsar-Delhi rail link which is serviced by Shatabdi Express, Intercity Express, and others

Direct Service to major cities such as Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Patna, Guwahati, Pune, Haridwar, Varanasi, Jaipur and Jammu Tawi are available. There are prestigious services such as the Howrah Mail, Golden Temple Mail (Frontier Mail), New-Delhi Amritsar Shatabdi Express, Paschim Express.

By road

There is one of the largest network of bus services of Punjab at Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh ISBT(JALANDHAR), Himachal, Delhi, Haryana, Pepsu, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan State Roadways, apart from private operators.

Commerce

Religious places

Famous Religious places of worship
  • Shri Devi Talab Mandir
  • Sree Ayyappa Mandir, Guru Gobind Singh Avenue
  • Akshardham Mandir Surya Enclave
  • Arya samaj mandir, Basti Danishmanda
  • Om Divya Prem Mandir, Danishmanda
  • Shri Balmiki Mandir
  • Shri Siddh Baba Sodal
  • Shri Mukteshwar Mandir, Basti Guzan
  • Baba Lal dayal Mandir, Partapbagh
  • Baba Lal dayal Mandir, Basti Guzan
  • Hanuman Mandir, ali mohalla
  • hanuman garhi mandir jaggu chowk
  • Geeta mandir Model town
  • Geeta mandir, Central Town
  • Geeta Mandir Adarsh Nagar
  • Kali Mata Mandir Mahaver marg
  • Durga Mandir Near Ambedkar Chowk, Avtar Nagar
  • Raghuth Mandir
  • Mata Vaishno Devi Mandir
  • Shri Mahalakshmi Mandir
  • Mata Chintapurni Mandir
  • Mata Rani Temple
  • Panch Mukhi Shiv Mandir
  • Panchvati Temple
  • Ram Mandir, Pucca bagh
  • Sanatan Daram Mandir
  • Sati Mata Mandir
  • Sati Virinda Devi
  • Satya rayan Mandir
  • Shri Ayyapa Mandir
  • Shri Baba Balak nath Ji Mandir
  • Radhye sham Mandir &dharamshala
  • Durga Shakti Mandir (Deol Nagar)
  • Shri Mahalakshmi Mandir
  • Shiv Mandir
  • Shiv Bari Mandir
  • Shri Pramhans Adhiwait Mandir
  • Shri Ram Sarovar Mandir
  • Viyak Mandir
  • Yogeshwer Dham Mandir
  • Tulsi Mandir
  • Radha Soami Satsang Beas,(Mission Compound Jalandhar)
  • Gurduwara Thra Sahib (Hazara Village)
  • Baba Khaki Shah (Khurla Kingra)
  • Gurudwara Singh Sabha (Jalandhar Cantt)
  • Mayaan da Gurudwara (Jalandhar Cantt)
  • Gurudwara Kakipind Rama mandi
  • Imam Nasir Mausoleum and Jamma Masjid
  • Darbar Sajjad Peer Warish Shah Ji (Hardyal Nagar)
  • Darbar Peer Sakhi Sultan
  • Chishti Qadri Darbar Hazrat Ghous Pak Ji Peeran De Peer
  • Darbar Baba Peer Phalai Wala Ji
  • Shri Dasjee Guru Mandir
  • Darbaar Panj Peer Ji (Near Ravidas Chowk)
  • Darbar Sachi Sarkar Lakha Da (Bootan Mandi, Jalandhar-Nakodar Road)
  • Darbar Baba Sunehri Sai Ji (Abadi Jallowal)
  • Guru Ravidass Dham (Bootan Mandi)
  • Masjid Umme Salmaa (Bootan Mandi)
  • Gurdwara Chhevin Pathshahi
  • Gurudwara Singh Sabha-Model Town
  • Gurudwara Talhan Sahib
  • St Mary's Cathedral Church (Jalandhar Cantt)
  • Gurudwara Nauwi Patshahi
  • Church of North India (CNI) Mission Compound
  • Gurudwara Makhdoompura
  • Gurdwara Panj Tirth Sahib (Jandu Singha)
  • Sankat Mochan Hanuman Mandir (phillar tehsil)
  • Gurudwara Asapuran (Tagore nagar)
  • Ebenezer Assembly of God Church (English/Hindi Services)

Leisure

  • Pushpa Gujral Science City
  • Fun City
  • Shaheed-E-Azam Sardar Bhagat Museum Khatkar Kalan
  • Company Bagh
  • Niku Park, Model Town
  • Model Town Market
  • Wonder Land[9]
  • Adarsh Nagar Park
  • Saraswati Vihar
  • PVR, MBD Neopolis, BMC Chowk
  • Big Bazaar, Vasal Tower
  • PVR, Curo Highstreet
  • Jyoti Market
  • Jang-e-Azadi Memorial Museum at kartarpur
  • Viva Collage
  • LPU Mart
  • Rangla Punjab
  • Curo High Street-fun Street
  • Jungle Gormet

Media

Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar is an Indian television station in Jalandhar, owned and operated by state-owned Doordarshan, the television network of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India).[10] It was established in 1979 and produces and broadcasts the 24-hour Punjabi language TV channel, DD Punjabi, which was launched in 1998 and covers most of the state of Punjab, India.

The city is the region's headquarters for newspapers, national television and radio stations. These include Daily Ajit, Jagbani, Punjab Kesari, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Hindustan Times, The Tribune, Hind Samachar, etc.[11][12][13][14]

http://bbcnews7.com

State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Jalandhar that transmits programs of mass interest. FM local radio stations include:

  • Radio city 91.9 MHz
  • BIG FM 92.7 92.7 MHz
  • 94.3 FM-My Fm- 94.3 MHz
  • Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz
  • All India Radio 102.7 MHz

Healthcare

There are excellent medical facilities in Jalandhar which include treatment centers and specialist hospitals. The Municipal Corporation of Jalandhar claims that the city has over 423 hospitals, a claim that would make it the city with the highest number of hospitals in South Asia.

Sports

Cricket

Cricket is very popular in grounds and streets of the city. There is an international-standard stadium at Burlton Park. The Indian cricket team played a Test Match against the Pakistan cricket team on this ground on 24 September 1983.

Kabaddi

Major Kabaddi matches are usually held at Guru Gobind Singh Stadium.

Guru Gobind Singh Stadium

Guru Gobind Singh Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Jalandhar. It is usually used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of JCT Mills Football Club. People can be seen jogging, playing soccer, weight-lifting, etc. in the stadium most of the time. The Punjab government has started new projects at the stadium.

Surjit Hockey Stadium

Surjeet Hockey Stadium is a field hockey stadium in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It is named after Jalandhar-born Olympian Surjit Singh. This stadium is a home of the franchise Sher-e-Punjab of the World Series Hockey.

Sports college

There is a Government Sports College in the city and it is a focus for many of the National Sports Councils. In this college, many sports are played like cricket, hockey, swimming, volleyball, basketball, etc.

Education

{{Main|List of institutions of higher education in Punjab}}

Higher education institutions include

Universities

  • NIT Jalandhar
  • GNA University
  • DAV University
  • Lovely Professional University
  • Khalsa College
  • Guru Nanak Dev University, Regional Campus
  • Punjab Technical University
  • Doaba College
  • Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences
  • DAV College, Jalandhar
  • Hans Raj Mahila Mahavidalya
  • DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology
  • CT Group of Institute, Jalandhar
  • St. Soldier Management & Technical Institute[15]
  • PCMSD college for women
  • Apeejay Institute of Management Technical Campus, Jalandhar (Punjab)[16]
  • Trinity College
  • Mehr Chand Polytechnic College
  • B.D Arya Girls college
  • Lyallpur Khalsa College
  • Lyallpur Khalsa College for Women
  • KCL Group of Institute
  • Mata Gujri Institute of Nursing
  • Delhi Public School[17]
  • Edex Institute

Schools

  • Cambridge International School(co-ed,girls,IB)
  • St. Joseph's Boys School (best in Jalandhar for ICSE)
  • St. Joseph's Convent School
  • Sanskriti K.M.V. School, Tanda Road (awarded by British council)
  • Montgomery Guru Nanak Public School, Adarsh Nagar
  • Montgomery Guru Nanak Public School, Urban Estate, Phase 2
  • Innocent Hearts School
  • Apeejay School, Mahavir Marg
  • Police DAV Public School
  • Delhi Public School
  • Swami Sant Dass Public School
  • Dayanand Model School, Model Town
  • IVY world school( best in jalandhar for CBSE)

Jalandhar Cantonment

{{main|Jalandhar Cantonment}}

Notable people

{{unreferenced section|date=April 2014}}
Name Occupation
Yash Chopra Producer/Director[18]
Anurag Singh (director) Director, Producer
Diljit Dosanjh Actor, Singer
Dr. Ranbir Singh Kanwar Sugarcane Researcher, Director of Research (Agriculture) PAU, Director of Research Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University[19]
Vanya Mishra Winner of Miss India Femina 2012
Lawrence Durrell Expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer[20]
Sunil Dutt Actor[21]
Kundan Lal Saigal Actor/Singer[22]
Amrish Puri Actor[23]
Jazzy B Singer
Sukhwinder Panchhi Singer
Apache Indian Singer
Sarbjit Cheema Singer
Kanth Kaler Singer
Nooran Sisters Singers
Master Saleem Singer
Hans Raj Hans Singer
Jagjit Singh Singer
Bahadur Singh Indian former shot putter who won gold medal
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Chief of Army Staff, 4th Chief Martial Law Administrator and the sixth President of Pakistan
Diwan Bhai Abdul Hamid Revenue and Chief Minister of Kapurthala State
Hafeez Jullundhri Writer and poet
Baba Kashmira Singh Head of Sidhant Sant Samaj or Gurbani
Paul Nischal NRI President, first Indian candidate for the British Political Party
Col. Balbir Singh Kular Hockey Player
Varinder Singh Ghuman Bodybuilder, Wrestler and Punjabi Film Actor
Ajit Pal Singh Hockey Player
Surjit Singh Hockey Player
Pargat Singh Hockey Player
Inder Kumar Gujral Former Prime Minister of India
Harbhajan Singh Cricketer
Wasim Sajjad Two-time Acting President of Pakistan, Ex-Chairman of Senate
Sheikh Anwarul Haq Former Chief Justice
Mian Mohammed Sharif Surveyor General
Lala Amarnath Cricketer
Sushil Kohli Swimmer
Lala Jagat Narain Freedom fighter and founder of Punjab Kesri
Basheer Hussain Najafi One of the six Grand Ayatollahs
Taruwar Kohli Cricketer
Sardar Swaran Singh Politician
Udham Singh (field hockey) Hockey Player
Darshan Singh (field hockey) Hockey Player
Salma Mumtaz Actress
Ashwini Kumar Chopra Journalist, Politician (MP-Karnal)
Kartar Singh Duggal Writer
Kulwant Singh Virk Writer
Ishar Singh (poet) Poet
Sadhu Singh Hamdard Freedom fighter and Writer
Prem Parkash Writer
Ajit Saini Writer and Army General
Hasrat Writer
Gurbachan Singh Talib Writer
Gurdial Singh Writer and novelist
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Former Prime Minister of Pakistan
Swami Shraddhanand Indian educationist and an Arya Samaj missionary
Wazir Ali Cricketer
R. Paul Dhillon Indo-Canadian journalist
Arun Shourie Politician, author, and journalist
Amanjot Singh Social Worker
Agha Sadiq Writer and poet
Fateh Ali Khan Singer. Father of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
Dharam Singh Uppal Athlete
Balbir Singh, Sr. Hockey Player
Mandeep Singh Cricketer
Vimi Actress
Ranvir Shorey Actor
Sugandha Mishra Singer, Anchor, Comedian
Surbhi Jyoti Actress
Nalini Priyadarshni Poet, Writer
Vijay Sampla State Minister in Union Govt
Bhagat Chunni Lal Minister in Punjab Govt
Ram Kapoor Indian Actor
Sardar Buta Singh Ex-Home Minister of India
Sukhbir Singh Punjabi Musician, Singer
Bhaavna Arora author[24]
Diljaan Participant in the Pakistani and Indian Music Reality Show Sur Kshetra, Composer and SingerAmarjit Kaypee Former highest run scorer in Ranji Trophy (Cricket)

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcjalandhar.in/comissiner-message.html|title=Municipal Corporation Jalandhar|publisher=}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mcjalandhar.in/mayor-message.html/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014151317/http://www.mcjalandhar.in/mayor-message.html |archivedate=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://jalandhar.nic.in/origin.aspx|title=Welcome to Official Website of Jalandhar District, Punjab|publisher=}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|title=Purāṇas|doi = 10.1163/2212-5019_beh_com_2020070}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/heavy-rainfall-in-punjab-monsoon-news-5918894.html|title=Heavy Rainfall|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
6. ^http://www.weather.com/weather/monthly/INXX0060?from=dayDetails_bottomnav_business| title = Average Weather for Jalandhar — Temperature and Precipitation | accessdate = 4 November 2012|publisher = The Weather Channel
7. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html | title=Jalandhar City Population Census 2011-2019 | Punjab}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/8-jalandhar.html|title=Jalandhar City Population Census 2011|publisher=Census2011}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://wonderlandthemepark.com/ |title=Wonderland |publisher=Wonderlandthemepark |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, BHAGWAN MAHAVIR MARG, JALANDHAR CITY|url=http://www.ddpunjabi.in/contact us.html}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabkesari.in/ |title=हिन्दी समाचार | ताज़ा खबरें | विश्व समाचार - Punjab Kesari |publisher=Punjabkesari.in |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/Jalandhar-LP-Lid.aspx |title=Jalandhar — Punjab — Page 1 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222235348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/Jalandhar-LP-Lid.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/ |title=Jalandhar News, Jalandhar Hindi News, Jalandhar News Headlines, Daily News Paper, Local News |publisher=Bhaskar.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/ |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssmti.in|title=SSMTI|website=www.ssmti.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-06}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.apeejay.edu/aimtc|title=Top MBA, MCA Colleges in North India, Punjab, Jalandhar - Apeejay Institute of Management Technical Campus|publisher=}}
17. ^National Institute of Technology, G T Road, Jalandhar
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/king-khan-salutes-yash-chopra-s-alma-mater/article1-956296.aspx}}
19. ^Ranbir Singh Kanwar
20. ^{{cite web|title=The Modern Novel|url=http://www.themodernnovel.org/europe/w-europe/england/durrell/}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=village khurd in jalandhar|url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/namrata-remembers-parents-nargis-sunil-dutt/14797}}
22. ^{{cite news|title=imdb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0756485/}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=veethi|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/amrish_puri-profile-366-14.htm}}
24. ^{{cite news |date=7 November 2016 |title= First novel on LGBTs launched, book authored by Bhaavna Arora |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/071116/first-novel-on-lgbts-launched-remarked-by-author-bhaavna-arora.html |work=DECCAN CHRONICLE|accessdate=28 March 2017}}

External links

{{wiktionary|Jalandhar}}{{commons category}}
  • {{wikivoyage-inline|Jalandhar}}
  • {{Official website|http://jalandhar.nic.in}}
{{Jalandhar district}}{{Punjab (Indian state)|state=collapsed}}

4 : Jalandhar|Cities and towns in Jalandhar district|Municipal corporations in Punjab, India|Former capital cities in India
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