| 词条 | James Gall |
| 释义 |
Rev James Gall (1808– 7 February 1895) was a Scottish clergyman who founded the Carrubbers Close Mission.[1] A remarkable man, he was also a cartographer, publisher, sculptor, astronomer and author. In cartography he gives his name to three different map projections: Gall Stereographic; Gall Isographic; and Gall Orthographic.[2] LifeHe was born on 27 September 1808, the son of James Gall, a printer who founded the printing company of Gall & Inglis in Edinburgh, which specialised in easy-access astronomy. His mother was Ann Collie. His uncle, John Gall, ran a coach-building business. He was baptised at St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh on 15 October 1808. James Gall lived with his family at Potterrow on the South Side of Edinburgh.[3] James was educated at the High School close to his home and at the Trustees Academy. He was then apprenticed as a printer in his father's firm from 1822 before studying at Edinburgh University. From 1838 he became a partner in his father's publishing firm, which specialised in maps.[4] Very late in life, in 1849, aged 41, he decided to retrain as a Free Church minister and studied at New College, Edinburgh graduating in 1855. His first role was in the establishment of a mission at Carrubbers Close on the Royal Mile.[5] At this time James was still a partner in Gall & Inglis. He was living at Myrtle Bank in Trinity, Edinburgh.[6] In 1858 he was chosen to minister at the new Free Church in the Canongate, holding the overspill from the growing mission work at Carrubbers Close. This originally held services in a hall at Moray House until a building was completed in 1862. This stood on Holyrood Road on the Site now occupied by the main Moray College building. It was later named the Moray Free Church.[7] He lived adjacent to the church at 10 St John Street.[8] He resigned from the church in 1872 to concentrate on mission work. His place at the Moray Church was filled by Rev Walter Glendinning. He lost his manse at John Street as a result of this decision, and lived for a while thereafter at a flat at 47 Forrest Road.[9] He died at home, 35 Newington Road in Edinburgh on 7 February 1895.[10] He is buried in the north-east section of Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh, nearby his father. His funeral took place on 11 February 1895 and was attended by over 600 of his many admirers.[11] Religious viewsMost of Gall's work on religion was detailed in a book called The Stars and the Angels, (1858) in which he not only argues for the existence of other inhabited planets, but describes the view that Gabriel would have had on his way from heaven to earth to tell Mary that she would have a baby next Christmas. A rare, but important, work by Gall is The Synagogue Not the Temple, the Germ and Model of the Christian Church, published in 1890. It discusses the foundation upon which the Christian Church is modelled. AstronomyGall's main work as an astronomer was with the constellations. As part of this work he developed the Gall orthographic projection, a derivative of the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection, to project the celestial sphere onto flat paper in a manner that avoided distorting the shapes of the constellations. He also applied this technique to terrestrial mapmaking as a way to make a flat map of the round Earth. Gall Orthographic was re-invented by Arno Peters in 1967 and adopted by organisations such as UNESCO. In recognition of both men the form is now called the Gall-Peters projection. Gall himself was an advocate of accessible mapping for blind people. One format he suggested was to combine Braille printing with twine to indicate lines. An 1851 book included such a map by Gall and his partner Inglis.[12] It used raised borders to indicate county boundaries and other features.[1] Publications
FamilyGall's father, James Gall (1784–1874), designed a "triangular alphabet" used for embossed books for blind people and was instrumental.in founding the Royal Blind School in Edinburgh. He was also the principal creator of the Scottish Sunday School system.[13] In 1833 Gall married Mary Campbell from Belfast (1810-1866).[14] Their eldest son, James Gall (b.1834) became a businessman in Jamaica. Their daughter, Elizabeth ("Eliza") Walkingshaw Gall (1835-1912), married Robert Inglis, the son of James Gall's business partner, who then inherited the printing company of Gall & Inglis on James's death. Robert's son, James Gall Inglis FRSE (1865–1939) was also a keen astronomer and came to the firm in 1880. He is buried with James Gall.[15] Anna Gall (1838-1929) died a spinster. References1. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=Christopher |first2=Margaret |last2=Wilkes |first3=Charles |last3=Withers |title=Scotland: Mapping The Nation|edition=1st |isbn=978-1-84158-969-5 |pages=240–242}} 2. ^http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst2379.html 3. ^Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1810 4. ^http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst2379.html 5. ^Ewings Annals of the Free Church 6. ^Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1855 7. ^1895 OS map 8. ^Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1865 9. ^Ewings Annals of the Free Church 10. ^Edinburgh Post Office directory 1895 11. ^Ewings Annals of the Free Church 12. ^{{cite book | last=Haig | first=Thomas | year=1851 | title=Geography of Scotland for the Use of the Blind}} 13. ^Ewings Annals of the Free Church 14. ^http://www.dcedin.co.uk/TNG/familygroup.php?familyID=F210&tree=tree1 15. ^http://www.astronomyedinburgh.org/publications/journals/43/publishing.html
Further reading
7 : 1808 births|1895 deaths|People from Edinburgh|Alumni of the University of Edinburgh|Scottish cartographers|Scottish clergy|Scottish religious writers |
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