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词条 Japanese sea lion
释义

  1. Taxonomy

  2. Description

  3. Distribution and habitat

     Revival 

  4. Exploitation and extinction

  5. References

  6. External links

{{speciesbox
| name = Japanese sea lion
| status = EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| extinct = 1970s
| status_ref = [1]
| image = Zalophus_japonicus.JPG
| image_caption = Taxidermied specimen, Tennōji Zoo, Osaka, Japan
| genus = Zalophus
| species = japonicus
| authority = (Peters, 1866)
| synonyms =
  • Z. lobatus
    Jentink, 1892

| synonyms_ref = [2]
}}

The {{nihongo|Japanese sea lion|ニホンアシカ|Nihon ashika|Zalophus japonicus|lead=yes}} was an aquatic mammal thought to have become extinct in the 1970s. It was considered to be a subspecies of California sea lion (Z. californianus) until 2003. They inhabited the Sea of Japan, especially around the coastal areas of the Japanese Archipelago and the Korean Peninsula. They generally bred on sandy beaches which were open and flat, but sometimes in rocky areas. They were hunted commercially in the 1900s, leading to their extinction, but there are efforts to reintroduce sea lions to the Sea of Japan.

Taxonomy

Prior to 2003, it was considered to be a subspecies of California sea lion as Zalophus californianus japonicus. However, it was subsequently reclassified as a separate species.[1] DNA analysis in 2007 estimated that the divergence point between the two sea lions took place around 2 million years ago (mya) in the early Pleistocene.[3]

Several taxidermied specimens can be found in Japan[4] and in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands, bought by Philipp Franz von Siebold. The British Museum possesses a pelt and four skull specimens.[5]

Description

Male Japanese sea lions were dark grey and weighed about {{convert|450|to|560|kg|lbs}}, reaching lengths of {{convert|2.3|to|2.5|m|ft}}; these were larger than male California sea lions. Females were significantly smaller at {{convert|1.64|m|ft}} long with a lighter color than the males.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Japanese sea lions were found along the northwest Pacific coastline, specifically in Japan, Korea, southern Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Sakhalin Island.[7] However, they may not have existed in Kamchatka, with their northernmost range extending only to the Kuril Islands.[1] Sightings of individual Japanese sea lions continued through still persist in Korea, but these are probably misidentified Steller's sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus).[8] The only reliable report may have been of an individual shot at Moneron Island in 1949.[1]

Old Korean accounts also describe that the sea lion and spotted seal (Phoca largha) were found in broad area containing the BoHai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and Sea of Japan.[9] The sea lions and seals left relevant place names all over the coast line of Japan, such as Ashika-iwa (アシカ岩, sea lion rock) and Inubosaki (犬吠崎, dog-barking point) because of the similarity of their howls.

They usually resided on flat, open, and sandy beaches, but rarely in rocky areas. Their preference was to rest in caves.[10]

Revival

In 2007, the South Korean Ministry of Environment has announced that South and North Korea, Russia, and China will collaborate on bringing back the Japanese sea lion in the Sea of Japan.[11] The National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea was commissioned to conduct feasibility research for this project.[12] If the animal cannot be found, the South Korean government plans to relocate California sea lions from the United States.[16] The South Korean Ministry of Environment supports the effort because of the symbolism, national concern, the restoration of the ecological system, and possible ecotourism.[17]

Exploitation and extinction

Many bones of the Japanese sea lion have been excavated from shell middens from the Jōmon period in Japan[13][14][15] while an 18th-century encyclopedia, Wakan Sansai Zue, describes that the meat was not tasty and they were only used to render oil for oil lamps.[16] Valuable oil was extracted from the skin, its internal organs were used to make expensive oriental medicine, and its whiskers and leather were used as pipe cleaners and leather goods, respectively. At the turn of the 20th century, they were captured for use in circuses.[1]

Harvest records from Japanese commercial fishermen in the early 1900s show that as many as 3,200 sea lions were harvested at the turn of the century, and overhunting caused harvest numbers to fall drastically to 300 sea lions by 1915 and to a few dozen sea lions by the 1930s. Japanese commercial harvest of Japanese sea lions ended in the 1940s when the species became virtually extinct.[17] In total, Japanese trawlers harvested as many as 16,500 sea lions, enough to cause their extinction. Submarine warfare during World War II is even believed to have contributed to their habitat destruction.[18][19] The most recent sightings of Z. japonicus are from the 1970s, with the last confirmed record being a juvenile specimen captured in 1974 off the coast of Rebun Island, northern Hokkaido. There were a few unconfirmed sightings in 1983 and 1985.[6][18][20] The last credible documentation was made in 1951 on the Liancourt Rocks reporting 50 to 60 animals. In any case, it was one of the most recent marine mammal extinctions to occur, alongside the Caribbean monk seal which went extinct at around the same time.[21]

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 {{IUCN2008 | assessor=Aurioles, D. | assessor2=Trillmich, F. | assessor3=IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group | last-assessor-amp=yes | year=2008 | title=Zalophus japonicus | id=41667 | downloaded=7 January 2009}}
2. ^{{MSW3|id=14001020|page=668}}
3. ^{{cite journal|first=F.|last=Sakahira|first2=M.|last2=Niimi|year=2007| title=Ancient DNA analysis of the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus californianus japonicus Peters, 1866): preliminary results using mitochondrial control-region sequences|journal=Zoological Science|volume=24|issue=1|pages=81–85|doi=10.2108/zsj.24.81|pmid=17409720}}
4. ^{{ja icon}} "天王寺動物園で「絶滅の危機にある動物展」を開催します" {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20071126110922/http://www.city.osaka.jp/yutoritomidori/report/zoo/20061031.html |date=2007-11-26 }} Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, Japan.
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://museum-database.shimane-u.ac.jp/specimen/detail/41120130216115155|title=ニホンアシカ剥製標本|publisher=Shimane University Museum|accessdate=22 August 2017|language=Japanese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080808/http://museum-database.shimane-u.ac.jp/specimen/detail/41120130216115155|archive-date=2015-12-22|dead-url=yes|df=}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.biodic.go.jp/cgi-db/gen/RDB_G2000_DO.RDB_DETAIL?wamei=%a5%cb%a5%db%a5%f3%a5%a2%a5%b7%a5%ab|archiveurl=https://archive.fo/20110605064619/http://www.biodic.go.jp/rdb_fts/2000/74-081.html|archivedate=5 June 2011|title=アザラシ目　アシカ科 絶滅危惧IＡ類(CR) (CR)|publisher=Japan Integrated Biodiversity Information System|language=Japanese|quote=The Japanese sea lion (Zalophus californianus japonicus) was common in the past around the coast of the Japanese Archipelago, but declined rapidly after the 1930s from overhunting and increased competition with commercial fisheries. The last record in Japan was a juvenile, captured in 1974 off the coast of Rebun Island, northern Hokkaido.|deadurl=yes|df=}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Rice|first=D. W.|year=1998|title=Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution|editor-last=Lawrence|editor-first=K. S.|publisher=Society for Marine Mammalogy|number=4|page=231|isbn=978-1-891276-03-3}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Duffield|first=D. A. |chapter=Extinctions, Specific|pages=80–89|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|edition=2|editor1-last=F. Perrin|editor1-first=William|editor2-last=Würsig|editor2-first=Bernd|editor3-last=Thewissen|editor3-first = J. G. M.|year=2008|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373553-9|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=2rkHQpToi9sC|page=403}}}}
9. ^{{cite journal|first=Itoo |last=Tetsuro|first2=Fujita|last2=Akiyoshi|first3=Kubo|last3=Kin-ya|title=Pinniped records on the neighbouring waters of the Korean Peninsula: Japanese sea lions and larga seals recorded in the ancient literature of Korea| journal=野生生物保護|volume=6|number=2|pages=51–66|issn=1341-8777|language=Japanese}}
10. ^{{ja icon}} Zalophus californianus japonicus (EX) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115022/http://www1.pref.shimane.lg.jp/contents/rdb/rdb2/cnt/cnt27a.html |date=2011-07-19 }}, Shimane Red Data Book 2004, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.
11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160520111815/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/japanesesealion.htm Zalophus japonicus]. The Extinction Website
12. ^{{ko icon}} "독도 바다사자(강치) 복원에 대한 조사 및 타당성 검토요청 (Request for Research on Feasibility of Reintroducing Dokdo Sea Lions)"{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, South Korean Ministry of Environment, 2006-01-09.{{dead link|date=August 2017}}
13. ^The Jomon people in the northern Island {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026032324/http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/e_news/index53.html |date=2007-10-26 }}, National Museum of Japanese History.
14. ^The Sannai Maruyama Site-Food {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928074431/http://sannaimaruyama.pref.aomori.jp/english/image/english-pamph.pdf |date=2006-09-28 }}, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, p. 7.
15. ^{{ja icon}} (en abstract available) Michiko Niimi, Sea Mammal Hunting of the Jomon Culture in Hokkaido, Bulletin of the Department of Archaeology, 9 (19901228), 137–171, University of Tokyo {{ISSN|0287-3850}}
16. ^Terajima Ryōan, Wakan Sansai Zue (ca. 1712), vol. 38, Amimals, p. 72, sea lion and fur seal  "其肉亦不甘美 唯熬油為燈油 (the meat is not tasty and just used to render oil for oil lamps.)".
17. ^{{cite news| script-title=ko:일본어부에 의해 멸종당한 독도 강치| publisher = Dokdocenter.org| date= 2007-03-05| url = http://dokdocenter.org/dokdo_news/index.cgi?action=detail&number=2599&thread=18r04r03| accessdate = 2007-09-20|language=ko}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news|script-title=ko:독도에 바다사자 복원한다|publisher=The Kukmin Daily archived by Korea Coast Guard|date=2006-02-02|url=http://dokdo.kcg.go.kr/board/view.asp?num=131&bid=dokdo_speech&page=12&Sdir=sub06&Path=a_1|accessdate=2008-07-18|language=Korean|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002162317/http://dokdo.kcg.go.kr/board/view.asp?num=131&bid=dokdo_speech&page=12&Sdir=sub06&Path=a_1|archivedate=2011-10-02|df=}}
19. ^1 {{cite news|title=Extinct Sea Lions to Bring Back to Korea |publisher=Korea Times |date=2007-09-05 |url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/09/113_9626.html |accessdate=2015-08-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012502/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/09/113_9626.html |archivedate=2015-09-24 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite news|title = Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|edition = second|publisher = Academic Press 2008|year = 2008|url = {{google books|plainurl=yes|id=2rkHQpToi9sC|page=1000}}|accessdate = 2011-05-23}}
21. ^{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=9fWQed5be58C|page=183}}|first=R.|last=Ellis|year= 2003|title=The Empty Ocean|publisher=Island Press|page=183|isbn=978-1-55963-974-3}}

External links

  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Zalophus japonicus|Japanese sea lions}}
  • {{Commons inline|Category:Zalophus japonicus|Japanese sea lions}}
{{Pinnipedia extinct}}{{Portal bar|Extinction|Marine life|Mammals}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q840036}}

11 : Zalophus|Extinct carnivorans|Extinct animals of Japan|Mammal extinctions since 1500|Extinct mammals of Asia|Species made extinct by human activities|1974 in the environment|Endemic fauna of Japan|Mammals of Japan|Pinnipeds of Asia|Mammals described in 1866
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