| 词条 | Johannes Rau |
| 释义 |
| name =Johannes Rau | nationality = German | image = Johannes rau 2004-05-16 berlin-RZ.jpg | imagesize = 218px | caption = Johannes Rau in 2004 | order = | office = President of Germany | term_start = 1 July 1999 | term_end = 30 June 2004 | chancellor = Gerhard Schroeder | predecessor = Roman Herzog | successor = Horst Köhler | order2 = Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia | term_start2 = 20 September 1978 | term_end2 = 9 June 1998 | deputy2 = Horst-Ludwig Riemer Burkhard Hirsch Diether Posser Herbter Schnoor Michael Vesper | predecessor2 = Heinz Kühn | successor2 = Wolfgang Clement | order3 = President of the German Bundesrat | term_start3 = 1 November 1994 | term_end3 = 31 October 1995 | predecessor3 = Klaus Wedemeier | successor3 = Edmund Stoiber | order4 = | term_start4 = 1 November 1982 | term_end4 = 31 October 1983 | predecessor4 = Hans Koschnick | successor4 = Franz Josef Strauss | office7 = Minister of Federal Affairs of North Rhine-Westphalia | term_start7 = 4 June 1980 | term_end7 = 18 August 1980 | primeminister7 = | predecessor7 = Christoph Zöpel | successor7 = Dieter Haak | office8 = Minister of Research of North Rhine-Westphalia | term_start8 = 28 July 1970 | term_end8 = 20 September 1978 | predecessor8 = Office created | successor8 = Reimut Jochimsen | office9 = Mayor of Wuppertal | term_start9 = 1969 | term_end9 = 1970 | predecessor9 = Hermann Herberts | successor9 = Gottfried Gurland | birth_date = {{birth date|1931|1|16|df=y}} | birth_place = Wuppertal, Germany | death_date = {{death date and age|2006|1|27|1931|1|16|df=y}} | death_place = Berlin, Germany | party = Social Democratic Party of Germany | spouse = Christina Delius | children = Philip Immanuel Rau Anna Christina Rau Laura Helene Rau | profession = Journalist | religion = Lutheranism | signature = Johannes Rau Signature 2.svg }} Johannes Rau ({{IPA-de|joˈhanəs ˈʁaʊ}}; 16 January 1931{{spaced ndash}}27 January 2006) was a German politician of the SPD. He was President of Germany from 1 July 1999 until 30 June 2004, Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 20 September 1978 to 9 June 1998 and President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 1982 to 31 October 1983 and from 1 November 1994 to 31 October 1995. Education and workRau was born in the Barmen part of Wuppertal, Rhine Province, as the third of five children. His family was strongly Protestant. As a schoolboy, Rau was active in the Confessing Church, a circle of the German Protestant Church which actively resisted Nazism. Rau left school in 1949 and worked as a journalist and publisher, especially with the Protestant Youth Publishing House. Political careerRau was a member of the All-German People’s Party (GVP), which was founded by Gustav Heinemann. The party was known for proposing German reunification from 1952 until it was disbanded in 1957. In 1958, the pacifist[1] Rau and his political mentor, Gustav Heinemann, joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), where he was active in the Wuppertal chapter. He served as deputy chairman of the SPD party of Wuppertal and was elected later on to the City Council (1964–1978), where he served as chairman of the SPD Group (1964–1967) and later as Mayor (1969–1970). In 1958, Rau was elected for the first time as member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). In 1967, he became chairman of the SPD fraction in the Landtag, and in 1970, he was Minister of Science and Education in the cabinet of Minister President Heinz Kühn. He soon gained a reputation as a reformer. As part of the mass education campaign of the 1970s, he founded five universities, each at different sites, in North Rhine-Westphalia and initiated Germany’s first distance learning university at Hagen (modelled on the Open University). In 1977, Rau became Chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia SPD and, in 1978, Minister President of the state, where he remained until 1998, with four successful elections for the SPD, which became strongest party in the Landtag each time and gained an absolute majority three times, in 1980, 1985, 1990 and finally 1995. From 1995 onwards, Rau led an SPD-Greens coalition in NRW. In 1987, Rau tried to become chancellor of Germany for the SPD, but his refusal to contemplate forming a coalition with the Green Party meant he could not win the elections against Helmut Kohl’s Christian Democrats (CDU). In 1994, Rau tried for the first time to become Federal President but lost to Roman Herzog. Rau twice served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982 and 1983 and 1994 and 1995 and thus deputised for the Federal President. In 1998, Rau stepped down from his positions as SPD Chairman and Minister President, and on 23 May 1999, he was elected Federal President by the Federal Assembly of Germany to succeed Roman Herzog (CDU). On 1 July 2004, he was succeeded by Horst Köhler. In common with all other Federal Presidents except for Heinemann, who had not wished to be seen off in this manner, Rau was honored by a Großer Zapfenstreich which, at his request, included the hymn "Jesus bleibet meine Freude" (Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring). During 2000, Rau became the first German head of state to address the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in German. The controversial step prompted some Israeli delegates to walk out. However, Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states. Rau had a deep and lifelong commitment to bringing reconciliation between Germany and its past. DeathIn long history of heart disease, he died a few days after his 75th birthday on 27 January 2006. The funeral took place on 7 February following a funeral act of state on the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin in the closest of family and friends. Motto and maximThe maxim of Rau was "to reconcile, not divide". As his personal motto, Rau adopted the Confessing Church dictum "teneo, quia teneor" (I hold because I am held). In his acceptance speech after his election, Rau claimed "A patriot I will be" because "a patriot is someone who loves his fatherland, a nationalist is someone who despises the fatherlands of the others". The quote can be attributed to the French writer Romain Gary. Prizes and medalsRau was awarded fifteen honorary doctorates. In 2001, he received the Leo Baeck Medal for his humanitarian work promoting tolerance and social justice. Private lifeRau was known as a practising Christian (and sometimes titled {{lang|de|Bruder Johannes}}, "Brother John", to ridicule his intense Christian position; however, he sometimes used this term himself). He held lay positions in, and was a member of, the Synod of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, a member church of the Evangelical Church in Germany. On 9 August 1982, Rau married the political scientist, Christina Delius (born 1956). Christina Rau is a granddaughter of her husband's mentor, Gustav Heinemann, former President of Germany. The couple had three children: Anna Christina, born 1983, Philip Immanuel, born 1985 and Laura Helene, born 1986. Since 1995 Rau was aware of his dangerous aneurysm in the abdominal aorta, but declined an operation out of respect for his office and the upcoming election as president. On 23 July 2000 the operation took place at the University Hospital of Essen. On 18 August 2004, he had to undergo serious heart surgery, in which an artificial heart valve was inserted. Only two months later (19 October 2004) a hematoma in the abdominal cavity was surgically removed. After leaving office, Rau lived with his family in the federal capital, Berlin. However, they also kept a house in Wuppertal. Honours
Foreign honours
See also
References1. ^ 2. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour | language = German | page=1654 |trans-title=| format = pdf | accessdate = November 2012 }} 3. ^Icelandic Presidency Website (Icelandic), Order of the Falcon, Johannes & Christina Rau {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101193458/http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Rau%2C+&sub=Leita |date=1 November 2013 }}, 1 July 2003, Grand Cross with Collar & Grand Cross respectively 4. ^Slovak republic website, State honours : 1st Class in 2001 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table) 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tccb.gov.tr/common/ftp/foto/06.04.2000-19.30.jpg|title= The ceremony conferred the Order of the State - History|publisher=Presidency of Republic of Turkey|date=06-04-2000|accessdate=2013-07-31}} 6. ^Boletín Oficial del Estado External links{{Wikinews|Former German president Johannes Rau dies at 75}}{{Commons|Johannes Rau}}
23 : Johannes Rau|1931 births|2006 deaths|20th-century Presidents of Germany|21st-century Presidents of Germany|All-German People's Party politicians|Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia|German Lutherans|Lutheran pacifists|German Christian socialists|People from the Rhine Province|People from Wuppertal|Presidents of Germany|Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians|Collars of the Order of the White Lion|Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Double Cross|Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana|Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria|Recipients of the Olympic Order|Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic|Lutheran socialists|Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia|Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
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