| 词条 | John Carver (Plymouth Colony governor) |
| 释义 |
| name = John Carver | image = | order = 1st Governor of Plymouth Colony | office = | term_start = 1620 | term_end = 1621 | lieutenant = | predecessor = None | successor = William Bradford | birth_date = before 1584 | birth_place = England | death_date = April 1621 | death_place = Plymouth Colony | restingplace = Coles Hill Burial Ground | restingplacecoordinates = | nationality = English | party = | otherparty = | spouse = Mary de Lannoy m. 1609, d. 1609 Katherine White m. before 1615 - d. May 1621 | relations = | children = 2 (predeceased both parents) | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = Deacon | profession = Governor | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | religion = Church of England | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}John Carver (before 1584–1621) was one of the Pilgrims who braved the Mayflower voyage in 1620 which resulted in the creation of Plymouth Colony in America. He is credited with writing the Mayflower Compact and was its first signer, and he was also the first governor of Plymouth Colony.[1][2][3] Life in LeidenLittle is known about Carver's ancestry or early family life. Jeremy Bangs notes that Carver and his wife Mary were members of the Walloon church in Leiden, Holland on February 8, 1609. The Flemish Walloon community was fleeing adverse events in their homeland (then part of the Spanish Netherlands; now split between Belgium and France), as were the Puritan separatists who came to Holland from England around 1607. Carver was a deacon in Leiden about 1609 at about age 25, and he is believed to have been born sometime before 1584. Leiden records of St. Pancras Church state that Carver buried a child on July 10, 1609. Sometime shortly after the death of the child, his wife Mary died.[3][4] He later married Katherine White who was a prominent member of the Leiden English separatist church, though the exact date is not known. She was originally of Sturton in Nottinghamshire, eldest daughter of Alexander White. Carver became much more involved in the Leiden church after marrying Katherine, making a close association with Puritan pastor John Robinson, husband of Katherine's younger sister Bridget.[5][6] Preparing for the New WorldCarver and Robert Cushman began negotiations with officials of the Virginia Company in London in 1617 for land in the Colony of Virginia where they could live and be self-governing. They came in contact with Sir Edwin Sandys, an acquaintance of church elder William Brewster and a leading member of the Virginia Company. They had to put together seven articles for the Council for Virginia, signed by all the senior Puritan church members, which acknowledged the supremacy of the king and the Church of England.[7] To fund the Mayflower voyage, the Leiden congregation turned to Thomas Weston and the Merchant Adventurers, London businessmen interested in supporting the voyage in hopes of profit. Carver had the task of organising the voyage and negotiating funding with Weston and the Adventurers along with Cushman as the chief agent. In 1620 they were in Aldgate, London, staying at Heneage House, Duke's Place, from where they negotiated with Weston for financial backing. [8] Weston hired the Mayflower and it sailed with its passengers from London to Southampton, there to rendezvous with the Speedwell, carrying the Pilgrims from Leiden in Holland. Carver was in Southampton in June 1620 purchasing supplies for the Mayflower voyage, along with Christopher Martin.[9] Carver was very wealthy and provided much of his personal fortune to make investment in the joint-stock company and in the Mayflower voyage itself.[9] Mayflower voyageCarver and his wife Katherine boarded Mayflower with five servants[5][9][10][11] and seven year-old Jasper More, one of the four children of the More family who were sent in the care of the Pilgrims.[12] Carver seems to have been elected governor of the Mayflower for the duration of the Atlantic crossing.[9] The Mayflower anchored off Cape Cod in November, 1620, and the Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11; it became the first governing document for Plymouth Colony.[13] Carver may have been the author of the Compact, and was definitely its first signer. He was subsequently chosen to be governor of Plymouth Colony.[14] Life in Plymouth{{main|Plymouth Colony}}The first winter in Plymouth Colony was exceedingly difficult, as the colonists suffered greatly from lack of shelter, diseases such as scurvy, and general conditions onboard ship.[15] Nearly half the Mayflower passengers died in the course of a few months. The first will drawn up in New England was that of William Mullins, and it was written on his behalf by Carver while Mullins was on his deathbed. It was signed as the last will and testament of Mullins by Carver, Mayflowers captain Christopher Jones, and the ship's surgeon Giles Heale. This is the only known copy of Carver's signature.[5] On March 22, 1621, Governor Carver and Wampanoag leader Massasoit worked out a treaty of peace and mutual protection. This treaty lasted for more than half a century.[16][17] Carver died in April or May 1621, aged 56 years, and his wife died five or six weeks later.[1][5] FamilyJohn Carver married Mary de Lannoy sometime before February 8, 1609.[3] She was a Walloon (Huguenot) of L’Escluse, France. She may have been related to Philip de Lannoy (Delano), who came to Plymouth on the Fortune in November 1621. The couple buried a child at St. Pancras in Leiden on July 10, 1609;[4] Mary died soon after in July 1609. He married Katherine (White) Leggatt sometime before May 22, 1615. She was the widow of George Leggatt. Mayflower genealogist Robert S. Wakefield spells her name as Catherine, but seventeenth century documents use Katherine. She died sometime in May 1621, some 5–6 weeks after Carver's death.[1][5][18] John and Katherine buried a child at St. Pancras in Leiden November 11, 1617.[4] He had no known surviving descendants.[3] DeathCarver had been working in his field on a hot day in April 1621 when he complained of a pain in his head. He returned to his house to lie down and soon fell into a coma, and he died within a few days, not long after April 5, 1621. William Bradford was chosen to replace him as governor; Bradford was recovering from illness, so Isaac Allerton was chosen to be his assistant.[19][20][21] After all the secret burials that were performed all winter, the settlers wished to bury the governor with as much ceremony as possible. Bradford wrote in April 1621: He was buried in the best maner they could, with some vollies of shott by all that bore armes; and his wife, being weak, dyed within five or six weeks after him.[1] Carver was buried at Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth.[22] References1. ^1 2 3 Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 259 2. ^Pilgrim Hall Museum John Carver 3. ^1 2 3 A genealogical profile of John Carver, (a collaboration of Plimoth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society accessed 2013-04-21) {{cite web|url=http://www.plimoth.org/media/pdf/carver_john.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101180945/http://www.plimoth.org/media/pdf/carver_john.pdf |archivedate=2012-11-01 |df= }} 4. ^1 2 Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691 (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 18 5. ^1 2 3 4 Charles Edward Banks, The English ancestry and homes of the Pilgrim Fathers who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2006), p. 44 6. ^Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History (New York: Knopf 2010), pp. 108–109 7. ^Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War (New York: Viking, 2006), p. 19 8. ^Charles Edward Banks, 'The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers' (2006) 9. ^1 2 3 Philbrick, p. 42 10. ^Stratton, p. 407, (in Bradford's own words) 11. ^Stratton, p. 405 12. ^David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (New York: St. Martins Press, 2002), pp. 30, 53, 222 n. 21 13. ^George Ernest Bowman, The Mayflower Compact and its signers, (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19. 14. ^Stratton, pp. 142, 413 15. ^{{cite book|last=Rothbard|first=Murray Rothbard|title=Conceived in Liberty|year=1975|volume=1|chapter="The Founding of Plymouth Colony"|publisher=Arlington House Publishers}} 16. ^Dana T. Parker, "Reasons to Celebrate the Pilgrims," (Orange County Register, Nov. 22, 2010) , Retrieved 28 Jan. 2011. 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sail1620.org/history/articles/119-pilgrims-wampanoag.html|title=Pilgrims and Wampanoag: The Prudence of Bradford and Massasoit|author=Heinsohn, Robert Jennings|publisher=Sail 1620|accessdate=27 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130142124/http://sail1620.org/history/articles/119-pilgrims-wampanoag.html|archivedate=30 November 2010|df=}} 18. ^Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History (New York: Knopf 2010), pp. 108-110 19. ^Nathaniel Philbrick, p. 102 20. ^Stratton, p. 143 21. ^David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (New York: St. Martins Press, 2002), p. 46 22. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15038628 Memorial of John Carver] External links{{DNB poster|Carver, John}}
8 : 1576 births|1621 deaths|Mayflower passengers|People from Nottinghamshire|16th-century English people|People of the Tudor period|People of the Stuart period|Burials at Cole's Hill Burial Ground (Plymouth) |
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