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词条 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
释义

  1. Prominent Members

  2. History

     M. G. Ramachandran era (1972–1987)  Succession crisis (1987–1989)  Jayalalithaa era (1989 - 5 December 2016)  Expansion beyond Tamil Nadu and Puducherry  V. K. Sasikala & Dhinakaran era (16 December 2016 - 20 August 2017)  O. Panneerselvam & Edappadi K. Palaniswami era (21 August 2017 - Present) 

  3. Policies

  4. Criticism

  5. Election history

      Tamil Nadu    Puducherry    Karnataka  

  6. List of Chief Ministers from AIADMK

  7. List of Deputy Chief Ministers from AIADMK

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|logo = Flag of AIADMK.svg
|abbreviation = AIADMK
|colorcode = {{All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam/meta/color}}
|leader =
|president =
|secretary =
|convenors = O. Panneerselvam & Edappadi K. Palaniswami
|ppchairman = M. Thambidurai
|loksabha_leader = M. Thambidurai
|rajyasabha_leader = A. Navaneethakrishnan
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1972|10|17}}
|founder = M. G. Ramachandran
|split = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|headquarters = 226, Avvai Shanmugam Salai, Royapettah, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India–600014.
|publication = Namadhu AMMA
|ideology = Social democracy
Social liberalism
Populism
|position = Centre
|eci = State Party (Tamil Nadu and Puducherry)[1]
|alliance = United Progressive Alliance (1977-1980, 1991-1996, 1999)
National Democratic Alliance (1998-1999,2004 -2008 & 2019 - Present )
Third Front (2008–2019)
National Democratic Alliance (2019-present)
|loksabha_seats = 36
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|13|245|hex=#009900}}
|state_seats_name = Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|115|234|hex=#009900}}
|state2_seats_name = Puducherry Legislative Assembly
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|4|30|hex=#009900}}
|symbol =
|website = {{URL|http://aiadmk.website}}
}}

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) ({{lang-en|All India Anna Dravidian Progressive Party}}) is an Indian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu and in the union territory of Puducherry. It is currently in power in the state of Tamil Nadu and is the third largest party in the Lok Sabha (House of the Peoples). AIADMK is a Dravidian party founded by M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) on 17 October 1972 as a breakaway faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). From 1989 to 2016, AIADMK was led by Jayalalithaa, who served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on several occasions. The party has won majorities in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly seven times, making it the most successful political outfit in the state's history. The party headquarters is located in the Royapettah neighbourhood of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in a building donated to the party in 1986 by Janaki Ramachandran, MGR's wife.

Prominent Members

  • O Paneerselvam - Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, ADMK Convenor, Former Chief Minister(3 times)
  • Edappadi K. Palaniswami - Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, ADMK Co-Convenor
  • E. Madhusudhanan - Presidium Chairman, Former Minister (Senior leader)
  • K. A. Sengottaiyan - Minister for School education (Senior leader)
  • M. Thambidurai - Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, Propaganda Secretary, Leader of party in Lok Sabha, Former Union Minister
  • A. Navaneethakrishnan - Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha), Leader of party in Rajya Sabha
  • R. Vaithilingam - Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha), ADMK Deputy Convenor, Former Minister
  • K. P. Munusamy - ADMK Deputy Convenor, Former Minister
  • C. Ponnaiyan - Founding member of ADMK, Organisation Secretary, Former Minister (Senior Leader)
  • D. Jayakumar - Minister for Fisheries, Organisation Secretary, Former assembly Speaker
  • Vaigaichelvan - MLA, Deputy Propaganda Secretary, Spokesperson, Chief Whip of AIADMK
  • Panruti S. Ramachandran - Organisation Secretary, Former Minister (Senior leader)
Puducherry AIADMK Unit:
  • A.Anbazhagan - MLA, Legislative Party leader (Pudhucherry)
Karnataka AIADMK Unit:
  • M.P.Yuvaraj - AIADMK Karnataka Unit Secretary

History

M. G. Ramachandran era (1972–1987)

The party was founded in 1972 as Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) by M. G. Ramachandran, a veteran Tamil film star and popular politician. It was set up as a breakaway faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led by M. Karunanidhi, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, owing to differences between the two.[2] Later, MGR prefixed the All India (AI) tag to the party's name.[3] Since its inception, the relationship between the AIADMK and DMK has been marked by mutual contempt. MGR used his fan network to build the party cadre with claims his party recruited more than a million members in the first two months. C. N. Annadurai's ideologue and movie mogul R. M. Veerppan was the key architect in unifying the MGR fan clubs and further consolidating the party structure in the 70s. Other key leaders such as Nanjil K. Manoharan and S. D. Somasundaram played major roles in consolidation.[4] The party's first victories were the Dindigul parliamentary by-election in 1973 and the Coimbatore assembly by-election a year later.[4] On 2 April 1973, AIADMK emerged as the third largest political party in Tamil Nadu, represented by 11 MLAs in the Assembly. By 31 January 1976, AIADMMK emerged as the second largest political party in Tamil Nadu with 16 MLAs in the Assembly. AIADMK grew close to the Congress Party by supporting the National Emergency between 1975 and 1977.

The DMK-led government was dismissed by a Central promulgation on corruption charges in 1976. The AIADMK swept to power in 1977, defeating the DMK in the assembly elections. MGR was sworn in as the 7th Chief Minister of the state on 30 June 1977. MGR remained in power until his death in December 1987, winning consecutive assembly elections held in 1977, 1980 and 1984.[2]

In 1979, AIADMK became the first Dravidian and regional party to be part of the Union Cabinet, when two AIADMK MP's, Sathyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor, joined the short-lived Charan Singh Ministry which followed the Morarji Desai-led Janata Party government (1977–1979).[3]

Relations between the Congress and the AIADMK slowly became strained. In the mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980, the Congress aligned with the DMK and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 state parliamentary seats. The AIADMK won just two seats.[5] After returning to power, the new prime minister, Indira Gandhi, dismissed a number of state governments belonging to the opposition parties, including the AIADMK government.

Elections to the state assembly were held in late May 1980 with the opposition DMK continuing the electoral alliance with the Congress. In a massive reversal of fortunes following the Lok Sabha elections, the AIADMK won a comfortable majority in the state assembly with 129 of 234 seat. MGR was sworn in as chief minister for the second time on 9 June 1980.[5]

In 1984, even with MGR's failing health and hospitalization, the party won the assembly elections in alliance with the Congress. Many political historians consider MGR's persona and charisma at this point of time as "infallible", and a logical continuation of his on-screen "good lad" image, strengthened by his "mythical status" in the minds of the masses.[6] MGR continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure until his death on 24 December 1987.[6]

Succession crisis (1987–1989)

Following MGR's death, his wife, actress-turned-politician Janaki Ramachandran, rose to the party's leadership under support of R. M. Veerappan and 98 MLAs. She led the government for 24 days as the state's 1st woman chief minister until the state assembly was suspended in January 1988 and President's rule imposed. The party began to crumble due to infighting and broke into two factions, one under Janaki Ramachandran and the other under J. Jayalalithaa, an associate of MGR and another film actress-turned-politician who had starred with MGR. The 1989 assembly election saw the DMK regain power after 12 years in the opposition with M. Karunanidhi returning as the Chief Minister for the third time. AIADMK, due to its split, suffered heavily in the elections, with the Janaki and Jayalalithaa factions winning only 2 and 27 seats, respectively.[6] Following AIADMK's rout in the elections, the factions led by Jayalalithaa and Janaki merged under the former's leadership. The DMK government was dismissed in 1990 by the Central Government led by Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar, an ally of the AIADMK at that time, on charges that the constitutional machinery in the state had broken down.

Jayalalithaa era (1989 - 5 December 2016)

The AIADMK allied with the Congress and swept to power in the 1991 assembly election under the leadership of Jayalalitha who became the second female chief minister and the 10th chief minister of the state. Political observers have ascribed the landslide victory to the anti-incumbent wave arising out of the assassination of the former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi[6] by suspected Tamil separatists fighting for a homeland in neighbouring Sri Lanka. The ensuing government, was accused of large-scale corruption, but Jayalalithaa held on to power for a full term of five years. In the 1996 assembly election, AIADMK continued its alliance with the Congress but suffered a massive rout, winning only four out of the 234 assembly seats, with even Jayalalithaa losing from Bargur.[14][7]

The AIADMK formed an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Vaiko's Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), another breakaway faction of the DMK, during the parliamentary elections in 1998.[14] AIADMK shared power with the BJP in the Atal Bihari Vajpayee headed government between 1998 and 1999,[3] but withdrew support a year later, leading to the fall of the BJP government. Following this, the AIADMK once again allied with the Congress.

In the 2001 assembly election, the AIADMK-led alliance, consisting of the Congress, the Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), the Left Front and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), regained power, winning 197 seats, with AIADMK winning 132.[8] Due to the proceedings in a disproportionate assets case which occurred in her previous tenure, Jayalalithaa was prevented from holding office. O. Panneerselvam, a close confidant of Jayalalithaa was appointed as the Chief Minister on 21 September 2001. Once the Supreme Court overturned Jayalalithaa's conviction and sentence in the case, O Panneerselvam resigned on 2 March 2002, and Jayalalithaa was again sworn in as Chief Minister.[8]

Unlike her first term, her second term was not marred by corruption scandals. She took many popular decisions such as banning of lottery tickets, restricting the liquor and sand quarrying business to government agencies and banning tobacco product sales near schools and colleges. She encouraged women to join the state police force by setting up all women-police stations and commissioning 150 women into the elite level police commandos in 2003, a first in India. The women had the same training as men and included handling weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.[9] She sent a special task force to the Sathyamangalam forests in October 2004 to hunt down notorious sandalwood smuggler Veerappan. The operation was successful as Veerappan was finally killed by the task force on 18 October 2004.

However, despite the popular measures taken by the government, in the 2004 Lok Sabha election, the party, in alliance with the BJP again, was humiliated, winning none of the 39 Lok Sabha seats from the state. The Democratic Progressive Alliance (DPA), a DMK-led alliance consisting of all the major opposition parties in the state, swept the election.

Later, in the 2006 assembly election, in spite of media speculations of a hung assembly, the AIADMK, contesting with only the support of MDMK and a few other smaller parties, won 61 seats compared to the DMK's 96 and was pushed out of power by the DMK-led congressional alliance of the PMK and the Left Front. The AIADMK's electoral reversals continued in the 2009 Lok Sabha election. However, the party's performance was better than its debacle in 2004, and it managed to win nine seats.

Following widespread corruption and allegations of nepotism against the DMK government, in the 2011 assembly election, the party, in alliance with parties like the left and actor-turned-politician Vijayakanth's Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK), swept the polls, winning 202 seats, with the AIADMK winning 150. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as Chief Minister for the third time.[8]

In the Union territory of Puducherry, the AIADMK allied with N. Rangaswamy's All India N.R. Congress (AINRC) and won the 2011 assembly election, which was held in parallel with the Tamil Nadu assembly election. However, it did not join the newly elected AINRC-led government. The AIADMK's good electoral performance continued in the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Contesting without allies, the AIADMK won an unprecedented 37 out of 39 seats in the state of Tamil Nadu, emerging as the third-largest party in parliament.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was convicted in the Disproportionate assets case by a Special Court along with her associates Sasikala Natarajan, Ilavarasi and V. N. Sudhakaran, and sentenced to four-year simple imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was also fined {{INR}}100 crores and her associates were fined {{INR}}10 crore each. The case had political implications as it was the first case where a ruling chief minister had to step down on account of a court sentence.[10]

Due to her resignation O. Panneerselvam was sworn in as Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.[11] Jayalalithaa was denied bail by the High Court and moved the Supreme Court for bail. The Supreme Court granted bail on 17 October 2014. On 11 May 2015, the high court of Karnataka said she was acquitted from that case, and was again sworn in as Chief Minister. On 22 September 2016, she was admitted to Apollo Hospital, Chennai due to fever and dehydration. After a prolonged illness, she died on 5 December 2016.

Expansion beyond Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

Under Jayalalithaa's regime, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam spread beyond Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. State units are established in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. The party floated 54 candidates across the state of Kerala in the 2006 assembly election and had contested on its own.

In Karnataka, the party had members in the state assembly and has influence in the Tamil-speaking areas of Bangalore and Kolar district. The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam has a following in places like Mumbai and Delhi and in countries where Tamils are present.

{{Refimprove section|date=February 2017}}

V. K. Sasikala & Dhinakaran era (16 December 2016 - 20 August 2017)

After her death on 5 December 2016, Jayalalithaa's long-time friend V. K. Sasikala was selected unanimously as the General Secretary of the party on 16 December 2016.[12][13] On February 5, 2017, she was selected as the leader of the legislative assembly as chief minister. O. Panneerselvam rebelled against V. K. Sasikala and reported that he had been compelled to resign as Chief Minister, bringing in a new twist to Tamil Nadu and Dravidian Politics. Due to a conviction in Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa, V.K.Sasikala was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment in the Bengaluru Jail. Before that, she appointed Edappadi K. Palaniswami as legislative party leader (Chief Minister) and T. T. V. Dhinakaran as the deputy general secretary of AIADMK party. With the support of 123 MLAs, Edappadi K. Palaniswami became chief minister of Tamil Nadu.

On 23 March 2017, the election commission of India gave separate party symbols to the two factions; O. Panneerselvam's faction known as AIADMK (PURATCHI THALAIVI AMMA), while Edappadi K. Palaniswami's faction known as AIADMK (AMMA).

By-polls were announced at the RK Nagar constituency which was vacated due to Jayalalitha's death. But, the election commission canceled the by-polls after evidence of large-scale bribing by the ruling AIADMK (AMMA) surfaced. On 17 April 2017, Delhi police registered a case against Dhinakaran who was also the candidate for AIADMK (AMMA) for the by-poll at RK Nagar regarding an allegation of attempting to bribe the Election Commission of India (ECI) for the AIADMK's election symbol. However the Tis Hazari Special Court granted him bail on the grounds that the police failed to identify the public official allegedly bribed. T.T.V. Dhinakaran started his party work on 5 August 2017. However, the chief minister Edappadi Palaniswamy had a fallout with Dhinakaran and announced that the appointment of T.T.V. Dinakaran as deputy general secretary was invalid.

O. Panneerselvam & Edappadi K. Palaniswami era (21 August 2017 - Present)

On 21 August 2017, both EPS and OPS factions of the AIADMK merged and O. Panneerselvam was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister, Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu and the convener (chairman) of AIADMK. He also holds portfolios of Housing, Rural Housing, Housing Development, Slum Clearance Board and Accommodation Control, Town Planning, Urban Development, and Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority.[14] On 4 January 2018, O. Panneerselvam was elected Leader of the House in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.

A day after the merger of two AIADMK factions, 19 MLAs[15] owing allegiance to ousted deputy general secretary T. T. V. Dhinakaran on 22 April 2017 submitted letters to Governor, expressing lack of confidence in Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami and withdrawing support from the government.[15] However the Madras High Court extended its stay on the floor test and by-elections on 18 seats of the dissident MLAs hence securing Palaniswami government.[16] The election commission of India on 23 November 2017 granted the two leaves symbol to the EPS and OPS camp.

Policies

MGR indicated he never "favored anti-Brahminism and AIADMK would oppose ethnic exclusion".[17] Janaki and Jayalalithaa later fought for the lead position.[18] The AIADMK sought to depoliticize the education policy of the government by not insisting that education be the Tamil language. Policies of AIADMK were targeted to the poorer segments of Tamil society – poor, rickshaw pullers, and destitute women and centralizing the massive noon meal scheme for children.[19][17] There was ambivalence toward the reservation policy and interests of farmers.[17]

The AIADMK and its prime opposition party, the DMK posted an array of populist schemes targeting the human development index of the state. Both the parties have schemes listed in the election manifestos covering segments of the population including fishermen, farmers, and school children. Till the 2000s, the parties had welfare schemes like maternity assistance, subsidized public transport, and educational grants. After the 2000s, the parties started competing at an increasing level for the distribution of consumer goods. The AIADMK government distributed free cycles to class 11 and class 12 students during its tenure of 2001–06. The DMK, in competition, promised free color televisions in its manifesto in 2006 assembly elections. The competition continued during the 2011 assembly elections when both parties announced free laptops for schools students and grinders mixers and fans for public.[20]

Criticism

Being a popular actor, MGR's fan clubs became a source for electoral mobilization. The head of his fan club, R. M. Veerappan, became a lieutenant, and fellow actress J. Jayalalithaa was groomed as a possible heir apparent.[21] There was a near administrative collapse during MGR's rule, and the state's rank in industrial production dropped from 3rd in the nation in 1977 to 13th position in 1987.[21] Populist schemes that consumed two-thirds of the state's budget resulted in long-term economic costs.[21] MGR was running a centralized administration which caused a severe toll on the state administration during his extended period of ill health.[22]

Jayalalithaa was also accused of creating a personality cult, with fans and party activists calling her 'Amma' ('mother' in Tamil). Her face adorned food canteens, pharmacies, salt packets, laptop computers, baby care kits, bottled water, medicine shops and cement bags. Following her imprisonment on 27 September 2014, her supporters held protests and wept openly. Her replacement, the party's former minister O. Panneerselvam, also wept during his inauguration, with colleagues saying they were in mourning.[23] Due to the centralized leadership of Jayalalithaa, the state of Tamil Nadu was experiencing policy paralysis, with most legislators and party cadres protesting against her conviction with hunger fasts, road and rail blockades.[24][25]

Election history

Tamil Nadu

Year General election Votes polled Seats won/Seats contested
02-04-1973 5th Assembly 11
31-01-1976 5th Assembly 16
1977 6th Assembly 5,194,876 132/155[4]
1977 6th Lok Sabha 5,365,076 17[26]
1980 7th Assembly 7,303,010 129/177[5]
1980 7th Lok Sabha 4,674,064 2
1984 8th Assembly 8,030,809 134[5]
1984 8th Lok Sabha 3,968,967 12[5]
1989 9th Assembly 148,630 2 (Janaki faction)[6]
1989 9th Assembly 27 (Jayalalithaa faction)[6]
1989 9th Lok Sabha 4,518,649 11[26]
1991 10th Assembly 10,940,966 164/168[27]
1991 10th Lok Sabha 4,470,542 11[26]
1996 11th Assembly 5,831,383 4
1996 11th Lok Sabha 2,130,286 0[26]
1998 12th Lok Sabha 6,628,928 18[28]
1999 13th Lok Sabha 6,992,003 10[26]
2001 12th Assembly 8,815,387 132
2004 14th Lok Sabha 8,547,014 0[26]
2006 13th Assembly 10,768,559 61
2009 15th Lok Sabha 6,953,591 9
2011 14th Assembly {{formatnum:14149681}} 150/160
2014 16th Lok Sabha 18,115,825 37/39[26]
2016 15th Assembly 17,617,060 136/234
2019 17th Lok Sabha TBA TBA

Puducherry

Year General election Votes polled Seats won
1974 3rd Assembly 60,812 1
1977 4th Assembly 69,873 14
1977 6th Lok Sabha 115,302 1[26]
1980 5th Assembly 45,623 0
1985 6th Assembly 47,521 6
1990 7th Assembly 76,337 3
1991 8th Assembly 67,792 6
1996 9th Assembly 57,678 3
1998 12th Lok Sabha 102,622 1
2001 10th Assembly 59,926 5
2006 11th Assembly 5
2016 12th Assembly 134,597 4

Karnataka

Year General election Votes polled Seats won
1983 7th Assembly 16,234 1
1989 9th Assembly 32,938 1

List of Chief Ministers from AIADMK

Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu:
  1. M. G. Ramachandran (1977–1987)
  2. V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (24 December 1987 – 7 January 1988)
  3. Janaki Ramachandran (1988)
  4. J. Jayalalithaa (1991–1996, 2001, 2002–2006, 2011–2014, 2015-2016, 23 May 2016 – 5 December 2016)
  5. O Paneerselvam (2001–2002, 2014-2015, 6 December 2016 – 16 February 2017)
  6. Edappadi K. Palaniswami (16 February 2017 - incumbent)
Chief Minister of Puducherry:
  1. Subramanyan Ramaswamy (6 March 1974 - 28 March 1974, 2 July 1977 - 12 November 1978)

List of Deputy Chief Ministers from AIADMK

Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu:
  1. O. Panneerselvam (21 August 2017 - incumbent)

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}
2. ^1 Kohli 1990, p. 157
3. ^1 2 Rana 2006, p. 400
4. ^1 2 Murali 2007, p. 81
5. ^1 2 3 4 Murali 2007, p. 82
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 Murali 2007, p. 83
7. ^Murali 2007, p. 87
8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.html|title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu from 1920|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150027/http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm|archivedate=23 April 2013}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Indian women join elite police|last=Haviland|first=Charles |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=11 November 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jayalalithaa-found-guilty-assets-case-by-bangalore-court-faces-jail-has-step-down-cm-610103|title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4 Years Jail Term in Assets Case, Has to Step Down as CM|first=Mugdha|last=Variyar|publisher=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jaya-moves-karnataka-hc-against-conviction-in-graft-case/article1-1269662.aspx|title=Jaya moves HC against conviction, Panneerselvam sworn in|date=29 September 2014|publisher=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiadmk-appoints-chinnamma-vk-sasikala-as-party-chief/articleshow/56231003.cms?from=mdr|title=AIADMK appoints "Chinnamma" VK Sasikala as party chief|date=29 December 2016|publisher=|via=The Economic Times}}
13. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece|title=V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 December 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-panneerselvam-to-be-deputy-cm-gets-finance-portfolio/article19533739.ece|title=AIADMK merger: Panneerselvam is Deputy CM, gets finance portfolio|date=21 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/day-after-merger-19-pro-dhinakaran-mlas-withdraw-support-to-cm/article19538882.ece |title= 19 pro-Dhinakaran MLAs withdraw support to Palaniswami}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-orders-no-floor-test-in-tn-until-further-orders/article19720186.ece|title=Madras HC extends its stay on floor test in TN Assembly}}
17. ^1 2 Sinha 2005, p. 107
18. ^Kohli 1990, p. 164
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/2017/03/23/Sasikala-camp-ADMK-Amma-OPS-gets-ADMK-Puratchi-Thalaivi-Amma-EC.html|title=പനീർസെൽവത്തിന് ചിഹ്നം വൈദ്യുതി പോസ്റ്റ്, ശശികല പക്ഷത്തിന് തൊപ്പി|publisher=}}
20. ^{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics|last1=Kohli|first1=Atul |last2=Singh|first2=Prerna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRWA2zkRxMEC&pg=PA285|publisher=Routledge|page=285|year=2013|isbn=9781135122744}}
21. ^1 2 Kohli 1990, p. 162
22. ^Kohli 1990, p. 163
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29474757|title=The downfall of India's 'Mother' politician|date=3 October 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/aiadmk-cadre-observe-fast-hold-rail-roko/article6460751.ece|title=AIADMK cadre observe fast, hold rail roko|first=R.|last=Sivaraman|date=30 September 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-to-remain-in-jail-court-defers-bail-hearing-till-oct-7/article1-1270443.aspx|title=Jayalalithaa stays in jail, protests continue to rage in Tamil Nadu|date=1 October 2014|publisher=}}
26. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rana 2006, p. 398
27. ^1 2 Murali 2007, p. 84
28. ^Ahuja 1998, p. 358

References

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External links

  • [https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION]
  • Official website
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8 : All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravidian political parties|State political parties in Tamil Nadu|State political parties in Puducherry|Political parties established in 1972|Memorials to C. N. Annadurai|Jayalalithaa|Political parties in India
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