| 释义 |
- Astronomy
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- Exploration
- Mathematics
- Medicine
- Microbiology
- Technology
- Events
- Awards
- Births
- Deaths
- References
{{Year nav topic5|1854|science}}The year 1854 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy- July 22 – Discovery of the asteroid 30 Urania by John Russell Hind.
- George Airy calculates the mean density of the Earth by measuring the gravity in a coal mine in South Shields.
Chemistry- Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components by distillation.
Exploration- January 4 – First definite sighting of McDonald Islands in the Antarctic.
Mathematics- March 26 – Playfair cipher first demonstrated, by Charles Wheatstone.
- George Boole's work on algebraic logic, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, published in London.[1]
- Arthur Cayley states the original version of Cayley's theorem and produces the first Cayley table.[2][3]
- Bernhard Riemann, a German mathematician, submits his habilitation thesis {{Lang|de|Ueber die Darstellbarkeit einer Function durch eine trigonometrische Reihe}} ("About the representability of a function by a trigonometric series"), in which he describes the Riemann integral. It is published by Richard Dedekind in 1867.[4]
Medicine- April–May – Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak of cholera in London (which kills 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.
- November – Florence Nightingale and her team of trained volunteer nurses arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire to care for British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War.[5]
- Spanish-born vocal pedagogist Manuel García observes his own functioning glottis using a form of laryngoscope incorporating mirrors.[6][7]
- Claude Bernard introduces the term Milieu intérieur in physiology.
Microbiology- Filippo Pacini, an Italian anatomist, discovers Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.[8]
- Louis Pasteur begins studying fermentation at the request of brewers.
Technology- May 9 – Albert Fink patents the Fink truss in the United States.[9]
- May 17 – Deck of Wheeling Suspension Bridge in the United States destroyed through torsional movement and vertical undulations in a severe windstorm.
- July – First voyage by a seagoing steamship fitted with a compound steam engine, the screw steamer Brandon, built on the River Clyde in Scotland by John Elder.[10]
- September 19 – Thaddeus Hyatt patents a practical pavement light.[11]
- December 20 – In the case of Talbot v. Laroche, pioneer of photography Henry Fox Talbot fails in asserting that the collodion process infringes his calotype patent.[12]
- James Ambrose Cutting takes out three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography).
- Elisha Otis completes work on the safety elevator.
Events- 10 June – The Crystal Palace reopens in Sydenham, South London[13] with life-size dinosaur models in the grounds.
Awards- Copley Medal: Johannes Peter Müller
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Richard John Griffith
Births- January 27 – George Alexander Gibson (died 1913), Scottish physician and geologist.
- January 29 – Fred Baker (died 1938), American physician and naturalist.
- March 4 – Napier Shaw (died 1945), English meteorologist.
- March 15 – Emil Adolf von Behring (died 1917), German physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901.
- March 31 – Dugald Clerk (died 1932), Scottish mechanical engineer.
- April 28 – Phoebe Marks, later Hertha Ayrton (died 1923), English electrical engineer.
- April 29 – Henri Poincaré (died 1912), French mathematician.
- May 11 – Ottmar Mergenthaler (died 1899), German-born inventor.
- June 13 – Charles Algernon Parsons (died 1931), British inventor of the steam turbine.
- July 12 – George Eastman (suicide 1932), American photographic inventor.
- July 23 – Birt Acres (died 1918), American-born cinematographic inventor.
- October 3 – Hermann Struve (died 1920), Russian-born astronomer.
Deaths- April 15 – Arthur Aikin (born 1773), English chemist and mineralogist
- July 6 – Georg Ohm (born 1787), German physicist
- September 28 – George Field (born c.1777), English colour chemist
- November 18 – Edward Forbes (born 1815), Manx naturalist
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}
2. ^{{citation|last=Cayley|first=Arthur|title=On the theory of groups as depending on the symbolic equation θn=1|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=7|issue=4|pages=40–47|year=1854}}
3. ^{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-008-8|page=152}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Trig/|title=Riemann's Habilitationsschrift|accessdate=2008-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520085248/http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Trig/|archivedate=2008-05-20|deadurl=no}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Baly|first1=Monica E.|authorlink1=Monica Baly|first2=H. C. G.|last2=Matthew|authorlink2=Colin Matthew|title=Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35241?docPos=2|accessdate=2011-06-20}} {{ODNBsub}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Garcia|first=Manuel|title=Observations on the Human Voice|pages=399–410|volume=7|year=1855|jstor=111815|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|doi=10.1098/rspl.1854.0094}}
7. ^{{cite journal|first=Teresa|last=Radomski|title=Manuel García (1805–1906): a bicentenary reflection|journal=Australian Voice|volume=11|pages=25–41|year=2005|format=PDF|url=http://www.harmonicorde.com/Radomski%20Australian%20Voice.pdf|accessdate=2012-02-07}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/firstdiscoveredcholera.html |title=Who first discovered Vibrio cholera? |author=Frerichs, Ralph R. |date=2001-08-05 |publisher=UCLA School of Public Health |accessdate=30 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119141216/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/firstdiscoveredcholera.html |archivedate=19 January 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} Pacini's 1854 publication was titled "Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiático" ("Microscopical observations and pathological deductions on cholera").
9. ^{{cite journal|first=Frank|last=Griggs|title=The Inspirations of a German Immigrant: Albert Fink|url=http://bridgeworld.net/wordpress/archives/docs/20060522.pdf|journal=Structure|publisher=National Council of Structural Engineers Associations |pages=52–4|accessdate=2011-08-16|date=May 2006}}
10. ^{{cite book|url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/mlemen/mlemen031.htm|page=118|accessdate=2011-06-16|title=Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men|chapter=John Elder, 1824-1869|year=1886|location=Glasgow|publisher=James MacLehose & Sons}}
11. ^{{citation|inventor-last=Hyatt|inventor-first=Thaddeus|issue-date=1854-09-19.|title=Vault cover|country-code=US|patent-number=11,695|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=11,695|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130236/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=11,695|archivedate=2017-10-08}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche 1854|author=Wood, R. D.|publisher=privately published|location=Bromley, Kent|year=1975|url=http://www.midleykent.fsnet.co.uk/laroche/TalbotvLaroche.htm|isbn=0-9504377-0-0|accessdate=2010-10-18}}
13. ^{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}
3 : 1854 in science|19th century in science|1850s in science |