“1866 United States House of Representatives elections”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1866 to elect Representatives to the 40th United States Congress.

The elections occurred just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy.

The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Andrew Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished South.

Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.

Background

Johnson, a War Democrat, had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. (The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as Vice President).

Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party, which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C. Frémont, who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).

After the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became President. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen (the newly freed slaves) civil rights (and the right to vote).

Campaign and results

Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.

The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote. As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives, the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress. The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Election summaries

Seven former Confederate States were readmitted during this Congress, filling 32 vacancies. There remained 19 vacancies at the end of the 40th Congress, 17 in the three states that had not yet been readmitted, and one vacancy each in Georgia (GA-06) and Kentucky (KY-02) that lasted the entire 40th Congress.^[2] (Note: Georgia was readmitted to the House for the 40th Congress, but not to the Senate.)

The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas' rejected elections are unknown.

List of races

California

Ohio

Democrats gained one seat this election in Ohio. It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero.

See also

Notes

1. ^Excludes states readmitted after the start of Congress.
2. ^Martis, pp. 120–121; Dubin, p. 209.
3. ^In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for Congressional elections as well.
4. ^One Conservative member, Charles E. Phelps, elected to MD-03.
5. ^¹Previous election had 3 Unionists.
6. ^¹²Includes 1 Independent Republican, Lewis Selye, elected to NY-28, and 1 Conservative Republican, Thomas E. Stewart, elected to NY-06.
7. ^Previous election had 4 Unionists.
8. ^8 Unionists in previous election.
9. ^¹One seat remained vacant throughout the 40th Congress.
10. ^One Conservative member, Nathaniel Boyden, elected to NC-06.
11. ^Rejected.
12. ^¹Including late elections.
13. ^After readmission of 7 States.
14. ^Both Conservatives.
15. ^Previous election had 18 Unionists.
16. ^{{cite book|title=History of the Republican Party in Ohio |editor-first=Joseph P |editor-last=Smith |year=1898 |volume=I |pages=228, 229 |publisher=the Lewis Publishing Company |location=Chicago |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaAFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA228}}
17. ^¹²Morgan (D) was initially seated (and thus is counted towards the party totals at this article), but the election was contested and the seat was subsequently awarded to Delano (R) during the 40th Congress' second session.