“Angostura bitters”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Angostura bitters ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|s|tj|ʊər|ə}}) is a concentrated bitters (herbal alcoholic preparation) based on gentian, herbs and spices,^[1] by House of Angostura in Trinidad and Tobago. It is typically used for flavouring beverages or, less often, food. The bitters were first produced in the town of Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela), hence the name, but do not contain angostura bark. The bottle is recognisable by its distinctive oversized label. 'Angostura' is Spanish for 'narrowing', the town of Angostura having been located at the first narrowing of the Orinoco River.

History

The recipe was developed as a tonic by a German, Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert (1796–1870),^[2] surgeon general in Simón Bolívar's army in Venezuela. Siegert began to sell it in 1824 and established a distillery for the purpose in 1830.^[3] Siegert was based in the town of Angostura and used locally available ingredients, perhaps aided by botanical knowledge of the local Amerindians.^[4] The product was sold abroad from 1853, and in 1875 the plant was moved from Ciudad Bolivar to Port of Spain, Trinidad, where it remains.^[5] Angostura won a medal at the Weltausstellung 1873 Wien. The medal is still depicted on the oversized label, along with reverse which shows Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in profile.

The exact formula is a closely guarded secret, with only one person knowing the whole recipe, passed hereditarily.^[6]

Uses

Angostura bitters are extremely concentrated and may be an acquired taste; though 44.7% alcohol by volume, bitters are not normally ingested undiluted, but instead are used in small amounts as flavouring.^[7]

Angostura bitters are a key ingredient in many cocktails. Originally used to help with upset stomachs of the soldiers in Simón Bolívar's army, it later became popular in soda water and was usually served with gin. The mix stuck in the form of a pink gin, and is also used in many other alcoholic cocktails such as long vodka, consisting of vodka, Angostura bitters, and lemonade. In the United States, it is best known for its use in whiskey cocktails: the Old Fashioned, made with whiskey, bitters, sugar, and water,^[8] and the Manhattan, made usually with rye whiskey and sweet vermouth. In a Pisco Sour a few drops are sprinkled on top of the foam, both for aroma and decoration. In a Champagne Cocktail a few drops of bitters are added to a sugar cube.

In Hong Kong, Angostura bitters are included in the local Gunner cocktail. Though not in the classic recipe, bartenders sometimes add more flavour to the Mojito cocktail by sprinkling a few drops of Angostura bitters on top. Bitters can also be used in "soft" drinks; a common drink served in Australian and New Zealand pubs is lemon lime and bitters. In Malawi, bitters are added to a mix of crushed ice, ginger ale and Sprite to make a 'rock shandy'.

Angostura Bitters Drink Guide, a promotional booklet of 1908, was reprinted in 2008 with a new introduction by Ross Bolton.

Among certain bartending communities (especially in Malaysia) shots of Angostura are taken as the 'bartender's handshake' either during or after the shift is done.^[9]

The largest purveyor of Angostura bitters in the world is Nelsen's Hall Bitters Pub on Washington Island off the northeast tip of Door Peninsula in Door County, Wisconsin. The pub began selling shots of bitters as a stomach tonic for medicinal purposes under a pharmaceutical license during Prohibition in the United States. The practice, which helped the pub to become the oldest continuously-operating tavern in Wisconsin, remained a tradition after the repeal of Prohibition. As of 2018, the pub hosts a Bitters Club, incorporates bitters into food menu items, and sells upwards of 10,000 shots per year.^[10]

Medicinal properties

Angostura bitters are alleged to have restorative properties.{{cn|date=February 2019}} Angostura bitters is often incorrectly believed to have poisonous qualities because it is associated with angostura bark (although it does not actually contain any), which, although not toxic, during its use as a medicine was often adulterated by unscrupulous sellers,^[11] who padded out the sacks of bark with cheaper, poisonous Strychnos nux-vomica or copalchi bark.^[1]^[12]

Orange bitters

Shortage of 2009

There was a shortage of Angostura bitters in 2009;^[7] the company reported that this was caused primarily by a problem in their supply of bottles. There were incorrect rumours of a product recall, or that production of the bitters had stopped at the plant in Trinidad. The shortage was the subject of many news articles and blogs, particularly in the cocktail industry.^[13]

Cocktails with Angostura bitters

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book| author=Catherine Fallis| title=Wine| publisher=iUniverse| page=214| year=2004| url=https://books.google.com/?id=_VWKG1D55loC&pg=PA214&dq=angostura+gentian+water+alcohol| isbn=978-0-595-32699-0}}
2. ^Siegert v. Gandolfi et al., reported in The Federal Reporter 149 1907:100ff.
3. ^1830 date given as testimony in Siegert v. Findlater, 1876, reported in N.C. Moak,Reports of Cases Decided by the English Courts: "8. Chancery Division" (Albany, NY, 1880) pp21ff.
4. ^Raymond, J.[https://web.archive.org/web/20000925211208/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography/bio_JGB_Siegert_bitters.htm "Mysteries in Angostura Museum: Story of founder Dr. Siegert comes to life", Trinidad Guardian] January 10, 2000
5. ^Siegert v. Findlater; Siegert v. Gandolfi.
6. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/36585023#36585023| title = Sweet Bitters| first = Rachel| last = Maddow| authorlink = Rachel Maddow| publisher = MSNBC| date = 2010-04-10}}
7. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.herbcompanion.com/herbs-in-the-kitchen/in-the-news-angostura-bitters-shortage.aspx|title=In the News: Angostura Bitters Shortage|author=|date=|website=Mother Earth Living|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.drinksmixer.com/drink407.html|title=Old Fashioned recipe|author=|date=|website=www.drinksmixer.com|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://talesofthecocktail.com/culture/praise-bartenders-handshake|title=In Praise of the Bartender's Handshake|date=2017-02-01|work=Tales of the Cocktail|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en}}
10. ^{{cite web|last1=Kunkel|first1=Leigh|title=How a Tiny Wisconsin Island Became the World's Biggest Consumer of Bitters|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/washington-island-wisconsin-bitters-shots|website=Atlas Obscura|accessdate=6 March 2018|date=5 March 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://earthnotes.tripod.com/angostura.htm|title=Angostura - Herb Database + Images|first=Ernestina Parziale|last=CH|date=|website=earthnotes.tripod.com|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
12. ^{{cite book| author1 = Albert Y. Leung| author2 = Steven Foster| title = Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics| publisher = Wiley-Interscience| year = 2003| page = 35}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/19/AR2010011900877.html/|title=Spirits: The Angostura Bitters Shortage calls for creativity|author=|date=|website=washingtonpost.com|accessdate=20 April 2018}}