| 词条 | MU90 Impact |
| 释义 |
| name = MU90 Impact | image = MU90.svg | image_size = 300 | caption = | origin =Italy France | type = torpedo | is_explosive = yes | is_missile = yes | is_UK = | service = | used_by = Germany, France, Italy, Egypt, Denmark, Australia and Poland | wars = | designer = | design_date = | manufacturer = EuroTorp | unit_cost = €1.6m[1] (~US$2.1m)(FY12) | production_date = | number = >1000[2] | variants = MU90 Hard Kill | spec_label = | weight = {{convert|304|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[1] | length = {{convert|2.85|m|in|abbr=on}}[1] | diameter = {{convert|323.7|mm|in|abbr=on}}[1] | filling = PBX shaped charge warhead | filling_weight = 32.7 kg | detonation = | yield = | engine = Pump-jet | engine_power = Electric | pw_ratio = | transmission = | payload_capacity = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = >{{convert|10|km|nmi|abbr=on}} (max speed) >{{convert|23|km|nmi|abbr=on}} (min speed)[1] | speed = {{convert|29|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} to well over {{convert|50|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}[1] | guidance = Active or passive acoustic homing | steering = | wingspan = | propellant = | ceiling = | altitude = | depth = >1000 m | boost = | accuracy = | launch_platform = | transport = }} The MU90 Impact is an advanced lightweight anti-submarine torpedo of the 3rd generation[2] developed by France and Italy for navies of France, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Australia and Poland. It is designed to compete with and outperform the United States-built Mark 54 in the anti-submarine role, and has also been developed in a special MU90 Hard Kill version for torpedo anti-torpedo defence.[1] The MU90 is built by EuroTorp, a consortium of French and Italian companies. HistoryThe MU90 was the result of separate projects in France and Italy from the 1980s. In France, a project under the direction of Thomson Sintra created the "Murène" in 1989, while in Italy Whitehead started work on an A244 replacement known as the A290. In 1990 the first attempts to merge the two efforts started, a process that was completed in 1993 with the formation of EuroTorp.[3] The French intended to use the new torpedo on their frigates, Atlantique 2 aircraft, Lynx helicopters and NFH90 helicopters.[4] They originally wanted 1000 units, but the end of the Cold War saw their requirement cut to 600 in 1991, 450 in 2000 and finally 300 torpedoes in 2008.[4] The project has cost France €1,150m (~US$1,500m) in 2012 prices at a unit cost of €1.6m (~US$2.1m), or €3.8m (~US$5m) including development costs.[4] 25 torpedoes per year will be delivered to France until 2014.[4] DesignThe MU90 is capable against any current or perceived threat, including a bottomed stationary mini-submarine, known versions of anechoic coatings, and various decoys. It is also capable of launch speeds up to {{convert|400|kn}}{{fact|date=March 2018}}, allowing it to be dropped from maritime patrol aircraft flying at high speeds, or rocket-assist launchers. Powered by an electric pump-jet, it can be run at "silent" speeds to avoid giving its location away to the submarine, or "dash" at speeds over 29 knots.[5] It uses a shaped charge warhead that can penetrate any known submarine hull, in particular Soviet double hull designs, while remaining just as deadly in shallow waters where conventional warheads are less effective. In 1986 France and Italy began a collaboration to develop an anti-submarine missile based on the Italian Otomat missile. France dropped out of the programme but Italy has fitted the MBDA MILAS missile to its {{sclass-|Durand de la Penne|destroyer|1}}s and FREMM anti-submarine frigates. MILAS is a {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} missile that can deliver a MU90 to {{convert|35|km|nmi}}. ExportsAfter deciding that its Mark 46 torpedoes were inadequate, Australia set up the JP2070 project in 1998 to buy torpedoes for its {{sclass-|Adelaide|frigate}}s, {{sclass-|Anzac| frigate|1}}s, AP-3C Orion aircraft, S-70B-2 Seahawk helicopters and planned SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite helicopters.[6] The Seasprites were cancelled and the Orions and Seahawks were removed from the MU90 programme on budget grounds; their replacements, the P-8 Poseidon and MH-60R Seahawk will use the US Mark 54 torpedo.[6] The A$639m[6] project to buy a classified number of MU90 has been heavily criticised by the Australian National Audit Office on the grounds of cost, insufficient test firings which failed to reveal defects in the torpedo, and the lack of commonality with the Navy's air-launched torpedoes. The MU90 reached IOC in November 2012.[6] OperatorsCurrent operators
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url=http://www.eurotorp.com/the-products/mu90-impact_25 | title=MU 90/IMPACT | publisher=EuroTorp | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715050000/http://www.eurotorp.com/the-products/mu90-impact_25 | archivedate=15 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}2. ^{{cite web|title=Formal Acceptance by the French MOD of the First Batch of 25 Eurotorp’s Manufactured MU90 Block1 Torpedoes|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/contractors/missiles/eurotorp/press6.html |website=Naval-technology.com |accessdate=8 May 2015}} 3. ^EUROTORP History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209211239/http://www.eurotorp.com/html/prod472.htm |date=2007-12-09 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web | url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/a12-150-8/a12-150-815.html#toc290 | title=Projet de loi de finances pour 2013 : Défense : équipement des forces | language=French | publisher=Senate of France | date=22 November 2012 | accessdate=2013-11-07}} 5. ^MU90 sales glossy - data brochure {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919042010/http://www.eurotorp.com/IMG/pdf/MU90_alwt_system.pdf |date=19 September 2013 }} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit-Reports/2012-2013/Remediation-of-the-Lightweight-Torpedo-Replacement-Project/Audit-summary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426183237/http://anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit-Reports/2012-2013/Remediation-of-the-Lightweight-Torpedo-Replacement-Project/Audit-summary |dead-url=yes |archive-date=26 April 2013 |title=Remediation of the Lightweight Torpedo Replacement Project |publisher=Australian National Audit Office |date=28 February 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-07 }} 4 : Post–Cold War weapons of Germany|Naval weapons of France|Naval weapons of Italy|Aerial torpedoes |
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