| 词条 | Waste management in Hong Kong | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
}}{{Geography of Hong Kong}}{{EngvarB|date=November 2018}} In the densely populated Hong Kong, waste is a complex issue. The territory generates around 6.4 million tons of waste each year[1] but is able to collect and process only a minimal portion of recyclable waste.[2] By 2019, its existing landfills are expected to be full.[3] The government has introduced waste management schemes and is working to educate the public on the subject. On the commercial side, producers are taking up measures to reduce waste. StatisticsHong Kong EPD (Environmental Protection Department) provides data and statistics about waste management.[4] Waste management processOverviewIn Hong Kong, wastes generated can be categorised as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, chemical waste and other special waste, including: clinical waste, animal carcasses, livestock waste, radioactive waste, grease trap waste and waterworks/sewage sludges. Current (2016), according to Waste Atlas 1st Report waste generation in Hong Kong is around 6.4 million tonnes per year or 900 kg/cap/year.[5] ProcessingWastes in Hong Kong are first collected from disposal bins to refuse transfer stations (RTS). After they are compacted and put in containers, they are delivered to disposal lands or recycling centers. Waste CollectionThere are hundreds of collectors in the territory where wastes are located before transferring to refuse transfer stations.[6] Waste transportThere are seven refuse transfer stations in the territory. They serve as centralised collection points for the transfer of waste to the strategic landfills.[7] LandfillsOperated by the EPD, the landfill sites only accept garbage from Hong Kong. Thirteen of 16 landfills were closed from 1988 to 1996. Starting from 6 January 2016, the South East New Territories Landfill (SENT) will only receive construction waste. Strategic landfillsHong Kong has three strategic landfills in use. All are located in the New Territories:[8][9][10]
Closed landfillsThere are also 13 closed landfills.[11] The closed landfills are converted into facilities such as golf courses, multi-purpose grass pitches, rest gardens, and ecological parks. Greenhouse gases emitted from closed landfills are used for energy. The closed landfills are:[9][11]
Management of emissions from wasteThe degradation of the organic components contained within waste generates both gaseous and liquid emissions. Landfill gas, principally methane and carbon dioxide, is formed once anaerobic conditions are achieved within the landfill, and leachate[12] is formed as liquids percolate through landfilled waste and pick up a cocktail of toxic and contaminating elements from the multiple waste fractions that comprise Municipal Solid Waste. Both can be harmful to human health and toxic to the environment[13]. Landfill gas is an important source of greenhouse gases that has been clearly shown to contribute to global warming[14], whilst leachate can be an important source of local contamination, especially to waterways[15]. As Hong Kong is very close to the sea as well as to heavily built up areas, the control of emissions is of high importance[16]. Wherever possible, landfill gas is used as a fuel for the generation of power and, in Hong Kong, landfill gas is used to generate electricity and to provide power for the treatment of leachate produced from the landfilled waste[17]. The technology used for landfill gas management is well-known throughout the world[18] and includes on-site power generation, provision of heat for leachate treatment and off-site use as a source of natural biogas for feeding into the gas main[19] . Leachate is treated using landfill gas to provide heat for reducing the heavy loading of ammonia and ensuring that it can be released into the environment[20][21] according to strict criteria as specified by the [https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/top.html Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong], and the process is employed at all three strategic landfill sites cited above[22]. NGO campaignsFriends of the EarthFriends of the Earth (HK) is one of the local environmental groups in Hong Kong. One of its campaigns emphasises on setting up an all-inclusive recycling system.[23]Green PowerGreen Power, another local environmental organisation, has many activities related to waste control and management. Green Power organises an ongoing "Zero Waste Action", aiming to reduce the waste the territory produces.[24]See also
References1. ^{{Citation |title = Waste problem in Hong Kong |accessdate = 28 June 2009 |url = http://www.cyberport.hk/campaign/arcade/DM/apr08/earthday/eco-expo.pdf |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085949/http://www.cyberport.hk/campaign/arcade/DM/apr08/earthday/eco-expo.pdf |archivedate = 21 July 2011 |df = }} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hongkong-rubbish/hong-kong-drowning-in-waste-as-china-rubbish-ban-takes-toll-idUKKBN1FK0J9|title=Hong Kong drowning in waste as China rubbish ban takes toll|last=Editorial|first=Reuters|work=U.K.|access-date=31 January 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131100609/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hongkong-rubbish/hong-kong-drowning-in-waste-as-china-rubbish-ban-takes-toll-idUKKBN1FK0J9|archivedate=31 January 2018|df=}} 3. ^{{Cite web |last = Ockenden |first = James |title = HK landfills full in 4–8 years |work = blueskieschina.com |accessdate = 28 June 2009 |date = 27 February 2007 |url = http://blueskieschina.com/mambo/content/view/180/90 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110708074352/http://blueskieschina.com/mambo/content/view/180/90 |archivedate = 8 July 2011 |df = }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/data/waste_data.html|title=Data & Statistics – Environmental Protection Department|publisher=Government of Hong Kong|accessdate=25 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005092629/http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/data/waste_data.html|archivedate=5 October 2017|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web| title=Waste Atlas. (2016). Country Data: HONG KONG SAR, CHINA.| url=http://atlas.d-waste.com| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103213557/http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/ | archivedate=3 January 2014| df=}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foe.org.hk/welcome/geten.asp?language=en&id_path=1,%207,%2026,%203008,%203144|title=Friends of the Earth (HK)|website=foe.org.hk|accessdate=25 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212180009/http://www.foe.org.hk/welcome/geten.asp?language=en&id_path=1,%207,%2026,%203008,%203144|archivedate=12 February 2012|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://sc.info.gov.hk/gb/www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_rts.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 February 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601011118/http://sc.info.gov.hk/gb/www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_rts.html |archivedate=1 June 2009 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_hong_kong_expands/|title=Temporarily Unavailable|website=wasteage.com|accessdate=25 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201165257/http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_hong_kong_expands/|archivedate=1 December 2008|df=}} 9. ^1 http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr05-06/english/sec/library/0506in37e.pdf {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331173154/http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr05-06/english/sec/library/0506in37e.pdf |date=31 March 2010 }} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/chinese/panels/ea/duty_v/eavp1304-4-ec.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=7 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308015323/http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/chinese/panels/ea/duty_v/eavp1304-4-ec.pdf |archivedate=8 March 2014 |df= }} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://sc.info.gov.hk/gb/www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_racl.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 February 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601195109/http://sc.info.gov.hk/gb/www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_racl.html |archivedate=1 June 2009 |df= }} 12. ^{{Citation|title=Leachate|date=2019-03-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leachate&oldid=887097056|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0892003/ema_mannual/Manual_Section5.htm|title=5 LANDFILL GAS|website=www.epd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-25}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/07/17/building-on-success-new-ways-to-keep-methane-out-of-the-atmosphere|title=Building on Success: New Ways to Keep Methane Out of the Atmosphere|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nagarajan|first=Rajkumar|last2=Thirumalaisamy|first2=Subramani|last3=Lakshumanan|first3=Elango|date=2012-12-27|title=Impact of leachate on groundwater pollution due to non-engineered municipal solid waste landfill sites of erode city, Tamil Nadu, India|journal=Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering|volume=9|issue=1|pages=35|doi=10.1186/1735-2746-9-35|issn=1735-1979|pmc=3561079|pmid=23369323}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/water/hkwqrc/overview/index.html|title=Water {{!}} Environmental Protection Department|website=www.epd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-25}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_lgu.html|title=Landfill Gas Utilization {{!}} Environmental Protection Department|website=www.epd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-25}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://newsobservatory.com/top-15-largest-landfills-in-the-world/|title=Top 15 largest landfills in the world|date=2018-04-16|website=Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_gasmgntsystem.html|title=Problems & Solutions {{!}} Environmental Protection Department|website=www.epd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-25}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_lenchate.html|title=Landfill Gas Utilization {{!}} Environmental Protection Department|last=|first=|date=|website=www.epd.gov.hk|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-25}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://waste-management-world.com/a/organics-group-completes-landfill-leachate-cleanup-plant-in-hong-kong|title=Organics Group Completes Landfill Leachate Cleanup Plant in Hong Kong|date=2019-03-08|website=waste-management-world.com|language=de|access-date=2019-03-25}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/msw_lenchate.html|title=Problems & Solutions {{!}} Environmental Protection Department|website=www.epd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-26}} 23. ^http://www.foe.org.hk/welcome/geten.asp?language=en&id_path=1,%207,%2026,%203008,%203144— {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228032856/http://www.foe.org.hk/welcome/geten.asp?language=en |date=28 December 2006 }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpower.org.hk/gp/activities/e_activities_zerowaste.asp|title=Green Power – Activities|website=greenpower.org.hk|accessdate=25 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211191840/http://www.greenpower.org.hk/gp/activities/e_activities_zerowaste.asp|archivedate=11 February 2008|df=}} External links{{commons category|Waste management in Hong Kong}}
1 : Waste management in Hong Kong |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。