| 词条 | Apple maggot |
| 释义 |
| image = Rhagoletis pomonella.jpg | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | zoosectio = Schizophora | zoosubsectio = Acalyptratae | superfamilia = Tephritoidea | familia = Tephritidae | genus = Rhagoletis | species = R. pomonella | binomial = Rhagoletis pomonella | binomial_authority = (Walsh, 1867) | synonyms = *Trypeta albiscutellata Harris, 1835
}} The apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella), also known as a railroad worm[1] (not to be confused with the Phrixothrix beetle larvae also called that[2]), is a pest of several fruits, mainly apples. Before the arrival in America from apples from Europe, it was found mainly in hawthorns. The adult form of this insect is about {{convert|5|mm|in|abbr=on}} long, slightly smaller than a housefly, with a white dot on its thorax and a characteristic black banding shaped like an "F" on its wings. When threatened, it turns its wings 90° and moves them up and down while walking sideways; the combination mimics the appearance of it being a spider due to the wing pattern in the new position appearing as additional legs. The larva, which is the stage of this insect's lifecycle that causes the actual damage to the fruit, is similar to a typical fly larva or maggot. Other "worms", especially the larvae of the codling moth, that infest the insides of apples are often confused with the apple maggot. Generally speaking, however, caterpillars often feed in the apple's core while apple maggots feed on the fruit flesh. In infested fruit, the larvae are often difficult to detect due to their pale, cream colour and small body size. The maggot stage has many enemies, including several braconid wasps: Utetes canaliculatus, Diachasmimorpha mellea, and Diachasma alloeum. The adult stage lays its eggs inside the fruit. The young "worm" that hatches consumes the fruit (rarely will the larva leave the fruit while it is still hanging on the tree), and causes it to bruise and decay and finally drop before ripening. The insect overwinters as a pupa in the soil. It only emerges after metamorphosis into a relatively defenseless fly. It uses Batesian mimicry as a method of defense - its coloration resembles that of the fore legs and pedipalps of a jumping spider (family Salticidae).[3] Adults emerge from late June through September, with their peak flight occurring in August. EvolutionRhagoletis pomonella is significant example for evolution in that the race of this species that feeds on apples spontaneously emerged from the hawthorn-feeding race in the 1800-1850 AD timeframe after apples were introduced into North America. The apple-feeding race does not now normally feed on hawthorns and the hawthorn-feeding race does not now normally feed on apples. This constitutes a possible example of an early step towards the emergence of a new species, a case of sympatric speciation.[4]The emergence of the apple race of R. pomonella also appears to have driven formation of new races among its parasites.[5] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=apple maggot - Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) |url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/apple_maggot_fly.htm |website=entomology.ifas.ufl.edu |publisher=University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences |date=March 2015 |accessdate=2016-10-11}} 2. ^{{cite web |last1=Branham |first1=Marc |title=EENY332/IN609: Glow-Worms, Railroad-Worms (Insecta: Coleoptera: Phengodidae) |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in609 |website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu |publisher=University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences |accessdate=2016-10-11 |date=February 2005}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Ricklefs | first=Robert E. and Gary L. Miller | authorlink= | title=Ecology | publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company | year=2000 | doi= | id=}} 4. ^Feder, J. L. (1998) The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella: flies in the face of conventional wisdom about speciation? In Howard, D. J. & Berlocher, S. H. (Eds.) Endless Forms: Species and Speciation. New York, Oxford University Press. 5. ^Forbes, A.A., L.L. Stelinski, T.H.Q. Powell, J.J. Smith and J.L. Feder. 2009. Sequential sympatric speciation across trophic levels. Science 323: 776-779. External links{{NIE Poster|Railroad Worm}}
3 : Rhagoletis|Agricultural pest insects|Insects described in 1867 |
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