| 词条 | Battle of Bubat |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Bubat |image= |caption= |date=1357 |place=Bubat square, Trowulan, Majapahit, Java |result=Decisive Majapahit victory, the death of the Sunda royal family, the incident severely harmed the relations between two kingdoms |combatant1=Majapahit Empire |combatant2=Sunda Kingdom |commander1=Gajah Mada (prime minister of Majapahit) |commander2=Maharaja Lingga Buana (king of Sunda) |strength1=Large number of Majapahit troops stationed in Majapahit capital, exact number unknown |strength2=The Sundanese royal family, the state officials, servants and guards, exact number unknown, probably less than 100 |casualties1=unknown |casualties2=Almost all of Sunda party perished, including the Sunda King and Princess Pitaloka }} The Battle of Bubat also known as Pasunda Bubat is the battle between the Sundanese royal family and Majapahit army that took place in Bubat square on the northern part of Trowulan (Majapahit capital city) in 1279 Saka or 1357 CE.[1] The uneven battle and the demonstration of courage through fighting an impossible battle and facing a certain death is in some ways similar to the Battle of Thermopylae. Historical account{{quote box| width = 50% | align = left | quote = "... manak deui Prěbu Maharaja. Lawasna ratu tujuh tahun. Kena kabawa ku kalawisaya, kabancana ku seuweu dimanten, ngaran Tohaan. Mu(n)dut agung dipipanumbasna. Urang reya sa(ng)kan nu angkat ka Jawa, mumul nu lakian di Sunda pan prangprang di Majapahit, ..." "... has a son, Prěbu Maharaja, being a king for seven years. Because of a disaster, got carried away by his daughter being a bride named Tohaan, requesting a heavy condition (wish). Many people started going to Java, because (she) did not want to get married in Sunda, thus there was a battle in Majapahit, ..." | salign = right | source = Carita Parahyangan[2]{{rp|391}} }} The historical account of Pasunda Bubat is mentioned in Carita Parahyangan (16th century) and Pararaton (15th century),[3] but not found in the Nagarakretagama (14th century), while the story of the battle of Bubat is the main theme of the Balinese manuscript Kidung Sunda (c. mid 16th century).[1] The Battle of Bubat was mentioned in a segment of the 15th century Javanese chronicle of Pararaton. The author of this manuscript is unknown, composed in the form of chronicles around 1474-1486, while the literary part was composed as history between 1500-1613. This manuscript was first published J.L.A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist, in 1896, complete with translations, notes, and comments.[3] Although the event took place in the mid 14th century, it was not until the 16th century that the story was found in Sundanese literature of Carita Parahyangan, although this text only gives a short piece of information regarding the incident. In Carita Parahyangan the Princess of Sunda is referred to as Tohaan{{efn| group=lower-roman | 1=This old Sundanese term is cognate to modern Malay-Indonesian Tuan which means "lord".}} which means "the respectable or revered one".[1] Carita Parahyangan mention a short verse of "...pan prang-rang di Majapahit." which translate "...people fought a battle in Majapahit."[4] Then, in the early 20th, CC Berg, Dutch historian, published the Kidung Sunda text and translations of Balinese origin (1927) which unraveled the Bubat Incident, and the shorter version of Kidung Sundayana (1928). In Javanese historical writing, Berg called the Kidung Sunda — that possibly composed after 1540 in Bali — contains historical facts because the incident was reinforced by ancient Sundanese manuscript, Carita Parahyangan. Berg concludes, "in the Kidung Sunda we must see the literary remnant of folklore stories and in the same-themed with Pararaton fragment..."[1] Interestingly, Nagarakretagama written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, which is widely considered as the primary source on Majapahit history, did not mentioned the event whatsoever. This has led several historians to question the authenticity of Pararaton, and suggest that Kidung Sunda was merely an ancient fiction novel and the Battle of Bubat was never took place in the first place.[5] To reconcile this varied studies, it is important to understand that Nagarakretagama is a pujasastra,{{efn| group=lower-roman | 1=A literary work intended to honor Hayam Wuruk, the King of Majapahit, and to projects the glory of Majapahit crown.}} "It seems to be intentionally overlooked by Prapanca,{{efn| group=lower-roman | 1=It is highly possible that the incident, which was a shame for Majapahit court, was intentionally erased and overlooked by Prapanca.}} because it does not contribute to the greatness of Majapahit, and even can be regarded as Gajah Mada's political failure to subjugate Sundanese," Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro and Nugroho Notosusanto wrote in Indonesian National History II.[3] Wedding proposal{{quote box| width = 50% | align = left | quote = "... Tumuli Pasunda Bubat. Bhre Prabhu ayun ing Putri ring Suṇḍa. Patih Maḍu ingutus anguṇḍangeng wong Suṇḍa, ahiděp wong Suṇḍa yan awawarangana ...," "... The start (cause) of Pasunda Bubat. Bhre Prabu who desires the Princess of Sunda sent Patih Madhu, a senior mantri (minister), to invite the Sundanese. Did not mind being a besan (in-law),{{efn| group=lower-roman | 1=A besan is term to describe the relations between parents of wedded couples.}} came (Prabu Maharaja King of) Sunda (to Majapahit). " "... Instead of being welcomed with a welcoming party, they face the harsh attitude of Mahapatih Gajah Mada who demands the Princess of Sunda as an offering. Sundanese parties disagree and are determined to war." | salign = right | source = Pararaton[3][2]{{rp|402}} }} Hayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit decided — probably for political reasons — to take princess Citra Rashmi (also known as Pitaloka) as his spouse.[6] She was a daughter of Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana Wisesa of the Sunda Kingdom. Tradition describes her as a girl of extraordinary beauty. Patih Madhu, a matchmaker from Majapahit was sent to the kingdom to ask for her hand in royal marriage. Delighted by the proposal and seeing the opportunity to foster an alliance with Majapahit, the mightiest kingdom in the region, the king of Sunda gave his blessing and decided to accompany his daughter to Majapahit for the wedding. In 1357 the Sunda king and the royal family arrived in Majapahit after sailing across the Java Sea by nine decked Junk ships (Java: Jong sasanga wagunan),[7] landed at Hujung Galuh port, sailed inland through Brantas River and arrived at the river port of Canggu. The royal party then encamped on Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan, capital city of Majapahit, and awaited the wedding ceremony. However Gajah Mada, the Majapahit prime minister saw the event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship, and insisted that instead of becoming queen of Majapahit, the princess was to be presented as a token of submission and treated as a mere concubine of the Majapahit king. The Sunda king was angered and humiliated by Gajah Mada's demand. Humiliated, the Sunda party decided to go back home and cancelling the royal wedding, the Majapahit soldier however demand the hand of Sundanese princess, and put a siege upon Sunda encampment. The battle and the suicide of the princess{{quote box| width = 50% | align = right | quote = "Gajah Mada reported the (defiance) behavior of the Sundanese (to the court). Bhre Prameswara of Wengker declared ready to fight. Thus, Majapahit troops surrounded the Sundanese. Not willing to surrender, the Sundanese chose to risk their lives. The battle is inevitable. Cheers rumbled over the sound reyong.{{efn| group=lower-roman | 1=A gamelan instrument.}} King of Sunda, King Maharaja, was the first to lost his life. Bhre Prameswara come to Bubat, unknowingly that there are still many Sundanese people who have not fallen. No doubt his troops got attacked and ravaged. But he immediately did a counterattack. Being cornered, the menak{{efn| group=lower-roman | 1=Sundanese nobles.}} charged to the south. Majapahit troops who resisted the attack won the victory. Sundanese who attacked to the southwest were killed. Like a sea of blood and a mountain of carcasses, there is no Sundanese left." | salign = right | source = Pararaton[3] }} As a result, a skirmish took place on Bubat square between the Majapahit army and the Sunda royal family in defence of their honour. It was uneven and unfair match, since the Sundanese party was composed mostly of royal family, state officials and nobles, accompanied by servants and royal guards. The numbers of Sundanese party were estimated at fewer than a hundred. On the other hand, the armed guards stationed within Majapahit capital city under Gajah Mada commands were estimated at several thousand well-armed and well-trained troops. The Sundanese party were surrounded in the center of the Bubat square. Some sources mentioned that the Sundanese managed to defend the square and strike back the Majapahit siege for several times. However, as the day went on the Sundanese were exhausted and overwhelmed. Despite facing the certain death, the Sundanese demonstrated extraordinary courage and chivalry as one by one, all of them fell. Despite courageous resistance, the royal family were overwhelmed and annihilated by the Majapahit army. The Sunda king was killed in a duel with a Majapahit general as well as other Sundanese nobles with almost all of the Sundanese royal party massacred in the tragedy.[8] Tradition says that the heartbroken princess — highly possible with all of remaining Sundanese women — took her own life to defend the honour and dignity of her country.[9] The ritualized suicide by the women of kshatriya (warrior) class after the defeat of their men, is expected to defend their pride and honour as well as to protect their chastity, rather than facing possibility of humiliation through rape, subjugation or enslavement. Aftermath{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=600|image1=Sunda Kingdom.svg |image2=Majapahit Core and Provinces.svg |footer=The Sunda Kingdom occupied western half of Java island, it was Majapahit's western neighbour }} According to tradition, Dyah Pitaloka's death was mourned by Hayam Wuruk and the entire population of the Sunda kingdom who had lost most members of their royal family. Later king Hayam Wuruk married to Paduka Sori, his own cousin instead. Pitaloka's deed and her father's courage are revered as noble acts of honour, courage and dignity in Sundanese tradition. Her father, Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana Wisesa was revered by the Sundanese as Prabu Wangi ({{lang-su|king with pleasant fragrance}}) because of his heroic act to defend his honour against Majapahit. His descendants, the later kings of Sunda, were called Siliwangi ({{lang-su|successor of Wangi}}). Gajah Mada faced opposition, distrust and sneering at the Majapahit court because of his careless act which was not to the taste of the Majapahit nobles has cast shame on Majapahit dignity, and undermined king Hayam Wuruk's influence. This unfortunate event also marked the end of Gajah Mada's career, since not long after this event the king forced Gajah Mada to an early retirement through awarding the prime minister the lands in Madakaripura (today Probolinggo) thus exiled him far from capital city courtly affairs. This tragedy severely harmed the relationship between the two kingdoms and resulted in hostility for years to come, the situation never again returning to normality.[6] Prince Niskalawastu Kancana — the princess Pitaloka's younger brother that during his infancy remained in Kawali palace (Sunda Galuh capital city) and did not accompany his family to Majapahit — become the sole surviving heir of Sunda King. His policies after ascended to throne among others are severed Sundanese diplomatic relations with Majapahit, imposed isolation policy upon Majapahit, including edicted the law Larangan Estri ti Luaran, which forbade Sundanese people to marry Javanese. These reactions reflected the Sundanese disappointment and anger towards Majapahit, and later contributed to the Sundanese-Javanese animosity, the sentiments that even may still runs to present day.[10] Curiously, although Bali is known as the heir of Majapahit culture, Balinese opinion seems to take Sundanese side in this dispute, as evidence through their manuscript Kidung Sunda. The Balinese reverence and admiration to Sundanese heroic act by courageously facing certain death was probably in accordance with Hindu code of honour of kshatriyas caste, that the ultimate and perfect death of a kshatriya is on the edge of sword; to die on the battlefield. The practice of demonstrating the act of courage has its Balinese counterpart in their puputan tradition, a fight to the death by men and followed by mass ritual suicide by the women in preference to facing the humiliation of surrender. LegacyThe tragic battle believed has caused the ill sentiments of Sundanese-Javanese animosity for generations. For example, unlike most of Indonesian cities, until recently in Bandung, West Java capital city also the cultural center of Sundanese people, there is no street name bearing the name "Gajah Mada" or "Majapahit". Although today Gajah Mada is considered as one of Indonesian national hero, Sundanese people still did not find him deserving based on his wicked deed in this incident. And vice versa, until recently, there was no street bearing the names of "Siliwangi" or "Sunda" in Surabaya and Yogyakarta. The tragedy also caused a myth to revolve around Indonesians, which forbids marriage between a Sundanese and a Javanese, as it would be unsustainable and only bring misery to the couple.[11] The battle has become a fertile inspiration as an Indonesian form of tragedy; including wayang performance and various dance drama.[12] They mostly describes the tale of doomed tragic romance, the battle of two kingdoms and the suicide of a beautiful princess. Tales based on Battle of Bubat is performed as wayang golek puppet performance,[13] Sundanese sandiwara drama,[14] and Javanese Ketoprak traditional drama.[15] It also inspires historic fiction novel books[16] and strategy video games. The videogame Ages of Empires II features the Pasunda Bubat tragedy as one of its campaign.[17] ReconciliationBecause of this tragic battle has become a historical-cultural grievance that strained the inter-ethnic relations between Javanese and Sundanese people — two of the largest ethnic group in Indonesia for ages, there are mutual efforts to reconcile the relations. Among others by renaming the city streets. On 6 March 2018, the East Java Governor, Soekarwo, together with West Java Governor, Ahmad Heryawan (Aher), and the Yogyakarta Governor, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, held the Cultural Reconciliation of Cultural Harmony of Sunda-Java in Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Tuesday, March 6, 2018. They agreed to end the post-Bubat problem by renaming the arterial roads in Surabaya, Yogyakarta and Bandung.[18] The name of two arterial roads in Surabaya city were replaced with Sundanese identities. The Gunungsari Road was replaced by the name of Jalan Prabu Siliwangi and Dinoyo Street was replaced by Sunda Road. Through this, Jalan Prabu Siliwangi is now finally side by side with Gajah Mada Street, while Sunda Road is now side by side with Jalan Majapahit. "Through this event, the problems between ethnic Javanese and Sundanese that occurred since the last 661 years is finished today. Thanks God, both me and Pak Aher finally able to find a common point" said Soekarwo. In Bandung, "the name of Jalan Majapahit will replace Jalan Gasibu in the middle of the city, and Jalan Kopo is replaced Jalan Hayam Wuruk. The replacement of these two roads is estimated to take place in April or early May 2018," said Aher. Yogyakarta Governor Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X added, the naming of these roads is expected to break the dark history that lay on the relationship between the Sundanese and Javanese people. The Yogyakarta Provincial Government will also do the same. "Yogyakarta has put the name of Jalan Siliwangi, Pajajaran and Majapahit into one unity of road in one lane, from Pelemgurih intersection to Jombor until the intersection of three Maguwoharjo and the intersection of Jalan Wonosari," he said.[18] See also{{portal|Indonesia}}
Notes{{notelist | group=lower-roman | close}}References1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/perang-bubat-dalam-memori-orang-sunda-vJdVM|title=Perang Bubat dalam Memori Orang Sunda|website=Historia - Obrolan Perempuan Urban|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-05-06}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro |author2=Nugroho Notosusanto | title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia: Zaman kuno | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/sejarah-nasional-indonesia/oclc/318053182 | date=2008 | publisher=Balai Pustaka | ISBN=979407408X | language=Indonesian | accessdate=3 June 2018}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/tragedi-perang-bubat-dan-batalnya-pernikahan-hayam-wuruk-dyah-pitaloka-vZ5yx|title=Tragedi Perang Bubat dan Batalnya Pernikahan Hayam Wuruk-Dyah Pitaloka|website=Historia - Obrolan Perempuan Urban|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-05-06}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xghCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Bubat+dalam+Carita+Parahyangan&source=bl&ots=gdpLInpXI2&sig=tx-9p_QHficqOAq0ONI0jmmC6IU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ2I_OovDaAhUIpY8KHYApDig4FBDoAQhXMAY#v=onepage&q=Bubat%20dalam%20Carita%20Parahyangan&f=false|title=Menggali Pemerintahan Negeri Doho : Dari Majapahit Menuju Pondok Pesantren: Penerbit Elmatera|last=M.M|first=Drs Haris Daryono Ali Haji, S. H.|date=2012-05-01|publisher=Diandra Kreatif|isbn=9786021222645|language=id}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/631196-perang-bubat-kisah-nyata-atau-rekaan|title=Perang Bubat , Kisah Nyata atau Rekaan? – VIVA|last=VIVA|first=PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU -|date=2015-05-28|access-date=2018-05-06|language=id}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|url= |doi= |pages=279|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=The Javanese Crossroads. Essay of Global History|last=Lombard|first=Denys|publisher=|year=1990|isbn=2713209498|location=|pages=}} 8. ^{{cite book |author1=Drs. R. Soekmono | title= Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | edition = 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =72 }} 9. ^{{cite book |author1=Y. Achadiati S |author2=Soeroso M.P. | title= Sejarah Peradaban Manusia: Zaman Majapahit. | publisher = PT Gita Karya | year= 1988 | location =Jakarta| page =13 }} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-tengah/d-3670213/antropolog-dampak-perang-bubat-diwariskan-lintas-generasi/komentar|title=Antropolog: Dampak Perang Bubat Diwariskan Lintas Generasi|last=Hadi|first=Usman|work=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-05-06}} 11. ^{{cite news | title = Tragedi Perang Bubat dan mitos orang jawa dilarang kawin dengan sunda | date = 24 April 2015 | author = Hery H Winarno | url = https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/tragedi-perang-bubat-mitos-orang-jawa-dilarang-kawin-dengan-sunda.html | language = Indonesian}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/internasional/2017/11/11/kisah-tragis-dyah-pitaloka-di-perang-bubat-mengharu-biru-warga-korsel|title=Kisah Tragis Dyah Pitaloka di Perang Bubat Mengharu-biru Warga Korsel - Tribunnews.com|work=Tribunnews.com|access-date=2018-05-06|language=id-ID}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sidaknews.com/pagelaran-wayang-di-purwakarta-tampilkan-kisah-perang-bubat/|title=Pagelaran Wayang di Purwakarta Tampilkan Kisah "Perang Bubat" {{!}} Sidak News|website=www.sidaknews.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-05-06}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url=http://igsberita.com/cincin-cinta-miss-titin-eps-020/|title=Cincin Cinta Miss Titin (Eps. 020) - IGS BERITA|work=IGS BERITA|access-date=2018-05-06|language=id-ID}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/2508055/siswa-sma-gelar-drama-perang-bubat-versi-bahasa-inggris|title=Siswa SMA Gelar Drama Perang Bubat Versi Bahasa Inggris|last=Liputan6.com|work=liputan6.com|access-date=2018-05-06}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1439781.Gajah_Mada|title=Gajah Mada (Gajah Mada, #4)|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2018-05-06}} 17. ^{{Citation|last=TheViperAOC - Age of Empires 2|title=AOE II: Rise of the Rajas Campaign - 1.5 Gajah Mada: The Pasunda Bubat Tragedy|date=2018-05-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCF1yF-IpA4|accessdate=2018-05-06}} 18. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://jatim.metrotvnews.com/peristiwa/yKXVaW4b-3-gubernur-rekonsiliasi-661-tahun-masalah-budaya-sunda-jawa|title=3 Gubernur Rekonsiliasi 661 Tahun Masalah Budaya Sunda-Jawa|last=developer|first=metrotvnews|work=metrotvnews.com|language=id|access-date=2018-05-06}} External links
7 : Majapahit|Sunda Kingdom|Conflicts in 1357|Military history of Indonesia|1357 in Asia|History of East Java|History of West Java |
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