| 词条 | Dux Belgicae secundae |
| 释义 |
| unit_name = Dux Belgicae secundae | image = Litus Saxonicum.png | caption = The Saxon Shore (Litus saxonicum) around the year 380. | dates = end of the fourth century to the fifth century | country = Roman Empire | allegiance = | branch = | type = commander of a stretch of the Rhine limes and Litus Saxonicum (Saxon Shore) | role = | size = | command_structure = | garrison = | garrison_label = | nickname = | patron = | motto = | colors = | colors_label = | march = | mascot = | equipment = | equipment_label = | battles = | anniversaries = | decorations = | battle_honours = | battle_honours_label = | disbanded = | website = | commander1 = | commander1_label = | commander2 = | commander2_label = | commander3 = | commander3_label = | commander4 = | commander4_label = | commander5 = | commander5_label = | commander6 = | commander6_label = | commander7 = | commander7_label = | commander8 = | commander8_label = | commander9 = | commander9_label = | notable_commanders = | identification_symbol = | identification_symbol_label = | identification_symbol_2 = | identification_symbol_2_label = | identification_symbol_3 = | identification_symbol_3_label = | identification_symbol_4 = | identification_symbol_4_label = }} The Dux Belgicae secundae ("commander of the second Belgic province") was a senior officer in the late Roman army of the West, Supreme Commander of the limitanei and a naval squadron to the so-called Saxon Shore in Gaul. A well known Dux was the Frankish king Childeric I (late 5th century). The office of Dux Belgicae secundae is estimated to have been established around 395 AD. At the imperial court, the Dux was the highest ranking class of viri spectabiles. The Notitia Dignitatum lists for the Gallic part of the Litus saxonicum ("the Coast of Saxony") two commanding positions and their units charged with securing the coasts of Flanders (Belgica II), of Normandy (province Lugdunensis II) and of Brittany (province Lugdunensis III): the aforementioned Dux Belgicae[1] and the neighboring Dux Armoricani et Nervicani[2]. These two sectional commanders were the successors of a public official, who formerly held the command over both the British and on the Gallic part of the Saxon Shore (Comes maritimi). They maintained coastal defense up until the mid-5th Century. HistoryIn the course of the imperial reform under Emperor Diocletian new military offices were introduced in Britain and Gaul. At that time the limes (border wall/marker) of the Saxon coast were developed on both sides of the English Channel. The heavily exposed sections and estuaries castles were partially restored or modified from existing structures. Their crews had the task to repel raiders and invaders or to impede their access to the interior. The main responsibility for securing both coasts was in the middle of the 4th century in a Comes Maritimi Tractus. In 367, an invasion of several barbarian peoples in Britain, shattered local units of the provincial forces, which were almost completely wiped out. Their commander-in-chief also died, including the "Count of the Coastal Regions," Nectaridus. His area of responsibility must have been divided thereafter - at the latest by 395 - in three military districts. This most likely was also to prevent a military commander from getting too many soldiers under his command, thus enabling him to start an uprising (such as the usurpation of the British Fleet Commander Carausius). For the Gallic part of the Saxon coast two new ducats were created, which existed until the early 5th century.[3] In the final phase of Roman rule over Gaul, Childeric, as a civilian administrator and commander of the warrior groups on the territory around the town of Tournai in the north of the province, acted as the commander of the Salian Franks. The city served as his residence and administrative headquarters. His power was based upon, among other things, the weapon forges residing here. In Childerics grave, discovered 1653, Eastern Roman gold coins, a gold-plated officer's coat (paludamentum) and a golden onion button brooch were found. The former was interpreted in research as renumeratio for rendered services, the latter as an insignia of the late Roman army. It is, however, unclear whether Childeric acted as a Roman general or even largely independently as a king (rex gloriosissimus); most likely, both offices had already merged. Childerich, however, was probably still committed to the late Roman military aristocracy of Gaul. In any case, it was not the formal powers that were decisive, but the real power relations which were based on military resources. This pooling of civilian and military offices in his hands suggests that Childeric was had a prominent position among the barbarian army commanders. He had probably been directly confirmed in his office by the administration of Odoacer in Italy and also the Eastern Roman imperial court. It is believed that he was ranked as dux before the other federal commander in chief. As rex or princeps he would also have been entitled to bestow religious and secular offices and the associated titles, such as patricius, comes and dux to deserving Teutons or Romans in his domain (regnum).[4] Administrative TasksThe Officium (administrative staff) of the Dux included the following offices:[5]
Forts, officers and unitsIn addition to administrative staff (officium), eight tribunes or prefects and their units were available to the Dux (sub dispositione):
Tribunus militum Nerviorum, a prefect for Sarmatian settlers: Praefectus Sarmatarum gentilium, inter Renos et Tambianos secundae provinciae Belgicae, and four prefects, that commanded the contingents of Germanic Laeti:
Their shield emblems are not shown in the Notitia Dignitatum. The Dux had originally more units united under his command. Arnold Hugh Martin Jones identified the origin of some units from the Gallic army. They orignated from Belgica II. Their names are the same as the well-known cities of this province:
Unlike vexillations of other Duces, these units are no longer indicated as standing under the command of the Dux Belgicae II. It seems that this province had to relinquish influence after the destruction of the border units on the Rhine (Rhine crossing of 406 AD), at which the first of many of their units were given up to the field army. See also
References1. ^Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXVIII 2. ^ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXVII 3. ^barbarica conspiratio, Ammianus 27,8,1–6, Peter Salway 2001, S. 281 4. ^Eugen Ewig, 2006, S. 17, Stefanie Dick, 2015, S. 29–30, Dieter Geuenich, S. 97–98 5. ^Officium autem habet idem vir spectabilis dux hoc modo 6. ^Notitia Dignitatum at droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr
Literature
External links
1 : Saxon Shore |
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