| 词条 | Richard Whately |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = The Most Reverend | name = Richard Whately | nationality = English | image = Richard Whately.jpg | caption = | religion = Church of Ireland | bishop_of = Archbishop of Dublin and Bishop of Glendalough | diocese = Dublin and Glendalough | enthroned = 1831 | ended = 1863 | predecessor = William Magee | successor = Richard Chenevix Trench | other_post = | ordination = | consecration = | bishops = | birth_date = {{birth date|1787|2|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Cavendish Square, London | death_date = {{death date and age|1863|10|8|1787|2|1|df=y}} | death_place = | buried = | education = | alma_mater = Oriel College, Oxford }}Richard Whately (1 February 1787 – 8 October 1863) was an English rhetorician, logician, economist, academic and theologian who also served as a reforming Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin. He was a leading Broad Churchman, a prolific and combative author over a wide range of topics, a flamboyant character, and one of the first reviewers to recognise the talents of Jane Austen.[1][2][3] Life and timesHe was born in London, the son of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Whately (1730–1797). He was educated at a private school near Bristol, and at Oriel College, Oxford from 1805. He obtained a B.A. in 1808, with double second-class honours, and the prize for the English essay in 1810; in 1811 he was elected Fellow of Oriel, and in 1814 took holy orders. After graduation he acted as a private tutor, in particular to Nassau William Senior who became a close friend, and to Samuel Hinds.[3][4] Early married lifeAfter his marriage in 1821, Whately lived in Oxford. He had had to give up his college fellowship, which could not be held by married men, and at this period lived by tutoring and his pen.[5] An uncle, William Plumer, presented him with a living, Halesworth in Suffolk; in August 1822 Whately moved there.[6] In 1825, he was appointed principal of St. Alban Hall, a position obtained for him by his mentor Edward Copleston, who wanted to raise the notoriously low academic standards at the Hall, which was also a target for expansion by Oriel.[3] Whately returned to Oxford, though giving up only in 1831 the Suffolk living, where he had seen the social effects of unemployment.[7] A reformer, Whately was initially on friendly terms with John Henry Newman. They fell out over Robert Peel's candidacy for the Oxford University seat in Parliament.[8] Newman later spoke of his Catholic University as continuing in Dublin the struggle against Whately which he had begun at Oxford.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} In 1829 Whately was elected as Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford in succession to Nassau William Senior. His tenure of office was cut short by his appointment to the archbishopric of Dublin in 1831. He published only one course of Introductory Lectures in two editions (1831 & 1832).[9] Archbishop of DublinWhately's appointment by Lord Grey to the see of Dublin came as a political surprise. The aged Henry Bathurst had turned the post down. The new Whig administration found Whately, well known at Holland House and effective in a parliamentary committee appearance speaking on tithes, an acceptable option. Behind the scenes Thomas Hyde Villiers had lobbied Denis Le Marchant on his behalf, with the Brougham Whigs.[10] The appointment was challenged in the House of Lords, but without success.[9] In Ireland, Whately's bluntness and his lack of a conciliatory manner caused opposition from his own clergy, and from the beginning he gave offence by supporting state endowment of the Catholic clergy. He enforced strict discipline in his diocese; and he published a statement of his views on Sabbath (Thoughts on the Sabbath, 1832). He lived in Redesdale House in Kilmacud, just outside Dublin, where he could garden. He was concerned to reform the Church of Ireland and the Irish Poor Laws.[9] He considered tithe commutation essential for the Church.[11] Irish national education 1831 to 1853In 1831 Whately attempted to establish a national and non-sectarian system of education in Ireland, on the basis of common instruction for Protestants and Catholics alike in literary and moral subjects, religious instruction being taken apart. In 1841 Catholic archbishops William Crolly and John MacHale debated whether to continue the system, with Crolly who supported Whately gaining papal permission to go on, given some safeguards.[12] In 1852 the scheme broke down, on the opposition of the new Catholic archbishop of Dublin, Paul Cullen. Whately felt himself constrained to withdraw from the Education Board the following year. Later lifeDuring the famine years of 1846 and 1847 the archbishop and his family tried to alleviate the miseries of the people.[9] On 27 March 1848, Whately became a member of the Canterbury Association.[13] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855.[14] From 1856 onwards symptoms of decline began to manifest themselves in a paralytic affection of Whately's left side. Still he continued his public duties.[20] DeathIn the summer of 1863 Whately was prostrated by an ulcer in the leg, and after several months of acute suffering he died on 8 October 1863.[9] WorksWhately was a prolific writer, a successful expositor and Protestant apologist in works that ran to many editions and translations. His Elements of Logic (1826) was drawn from an article "Logic" in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana.[16] The companion article on "Rhetoric" provided Elements of Rhetoric (1828).[9] In 1825 Whately published a series of Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion, followed in 1828 by a second series On some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul, and in 1830 by a third On the Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin in Human Nature. In 1837 he wrote his handbook of Christian Evidences, which was translated during his lifetime into more than a dozen languages.[9] In the Irish context, the Christian Evidences was adapted to a form acceptable to Catholic beliefs, with the help of James Carlile.[17] Selective listingWhately's works included:[9]
He also edited Wake's Treatises of Predestination,[18] Bacon's Essays, Paley's Evidences and Paley's Moral Philosophy.[9] CharacterHumphrey Lloyd told Caroline Fox that Whately's eccentric behaviour and body language was exacerbated in Dublin by a sycophantic circle of friends.[19] He was a great talker, a wit, and loved punning. In Oxford his white hat, rough white coat, and huge white dog earned for him the sobriquet of the White Bear, and he exhibited the exploits of his climbing dog in Christ Church Meadow.[9][20]ViewsA member of the loose group called the Oriel Noetics, Whately supported religious liberty, civil rights, and freedom of speech for dissenters, Roman Catholics, Jews, and even atheists. He took the line that the civil disabilities imposed on non-Anglicans made the state only nominally Christian, and supported disestablishment.[21] He was a follower of Edward Copleston, regarded as the founder of the Noetics taken as apologists for the orthodoxy of the Church of England.[3] A devout Christian, Whately took a practical view of Christianity. He disagreed with the Evangelical party and generally favoured a more intellectual approach to religion. He also disagreed with the later Tractarian emphasis on ritual and church authority.[9] Instead, he emphasised careful reading and understanding of the Bible.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Whately took a view of political economy as an essentially logical subject. It proved influential in Oxford. The Noetics were reformers but largely centrist in politics, rather than strong Whigs or Tories.[22] One of Whately's initial acts on going to Dublin was to endow a chair of political economy in Trinity College. Its first holder was Mountifort Longfield.[23] Later, in 1846, he founded the Dublin Statistical Society with William Neilson Hancock.[24] Whately's view of political economy, and that common to the early holders of the Trinity college professorship, addressed it as a type of natural theology.[25] He belonged to the group of supporters of Thomas Malthus that included Thomas Chalmers, some others of the Noetics, Richard Jones and William Whewell from Cambridge.[26] He saw no inconsistency between science and Christian belief, differing in that way from some Christian critics of Malthus.[27] He differed also from Jones and Whewell, expressing the view that the inductive method was of less use for political economy than the deductive method, properly applied.[28] In periodicals Whately discussed other public questions. He addressed, for example, the subject of transportation and the "secondary punishments" on those who had been transported; his pamphlet on this topic influenced the politicians Lord John Russell and Henry George Grey.[29] LegacyWhately was an important figure in the revival of Aristotelian logic in the early nineteenth century. The Elements of Logic gave an impetus to the study of logic in Britain,[9] and in the United States of America, logician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) wrote that his lifelong fascination with logic began when he read Whately's Elements as a 12-year-old boy.[30] Whately's view of rhetoric as essentially a method for persuasion became an orthodoxy, challenged in mid-century by Henry Noble Day.[31] Elements of Rhetoric is still cited, for thought about presumption, burden of proof, and testimony.[32][33] In 1864 Jane Whately, his daughter, published Miscellaneous Remains from his commonplace book and in 1866 his Life and Correspondence in two volumes. The Anecdotal Memoirs of Archbishop Whately, by William John Fitzpatrick, was published in 1864.[9] FamilyWhately married Elizabeth Pope (third daughter of William Pope, born 7 October and baptised 22 December 1795 at Hillingdon, Middlesex) at Cheltenham on 3 July 1821. She later authored some Christian literature herself, dying 25 April 1860. Her younger sister Charlotte married Baden Powell in 1837.[34][35] They had four daughters and a son, including:[36]
A programme in the BBC television series Who Do You Think You Are?, broadcast on 2 March 2009, uncovered that Richard Whately was an ancestor of British actor Kevin Whately.[43] Notes1. ^{{cite book|author=Gary L. Colledge|title=God and Charles Dickens: Recovering the Christian Voice of a Classic Author|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu6NZBTg3c0C&pg=PA146|date=1 June 2012|publisher=Baker Books|isbn=978-1-4412-3778-1|page=146}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=John Cornwell|title=Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ5HAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|date=15 September 2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-7323-2|page=34}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite ODNB|id=29176|first=Richard|last=Brent|title=Whately, Richard}} 4. ^{{cite ODNB|id=25090|first=Phyllis|last=Deane|title=Senior, Nassau William}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=The London Quarterly Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXFAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA477|year=1867|publisher=Epworth Press|page=477}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Richard Whately|author2=Elizabeth Jane Whately|title=Life and Correspondence of Richard Whately, D.D.: Late Archbishop of Dublin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTALAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44|year=1866|publisher=Longmans, Green|page=44}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=Stefan Collini|author2=Richard Whatmore|author3=Brian Young|title=Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual History 1750-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuT3zV0jFwEC&pg=PA190|date=22 May 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63978-1|page=190}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/pusey/liddon/1.10.html|title=Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey by Henry Parry Liddon, D.D. London: Longmans, 1894 volume one Chapter X|accessdate=25 March 2016}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Whately, Richard}} 10. ^David de Giustino, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3167906 "Finding an Archbishop: The Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831"], Church History, Vol. 64, No. 2 (June., 1995), pp. 218–236. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Stefan Collini|author2=Richard Whatmore|author3=Brian Young|title=Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual History 1750-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuT3zV0jFwEC&pg=PA191|date=22 May 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63978-1|page=191}} 12. ^{{cite ODNB|id=17528|first=Emmet|last=Larkin|title=Crolly, William}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/blain_canterbury2007.pdf|title=Reverend|last=Blain|first=Michael|year=2007|work=The Canterbury Association (1848–1852): A Study of Its Members' Connections|pages=87|accessdate=19 January 2010}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterW.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=13 September 2016}} 15. ^{{cite book |last=Casey |first=Christine |title=The Buildings of Ireland: Dublin |year=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-10923-8 |page=621}} 16. ^Whately, Richard, Elements of Logic, p.vii, Longman, Greens and Co. (9th Edition, London, 1875) 17. ^{{cite book|author=Donald H. Akenson|title=Being Had: Historians, Evidence, and the Irish in North America|year=1985|publisher=P. D. Meany|isbn=978-0-88835-014-5|pages=183–4}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=The Living Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA388|year=1866|publisher=Littell, Son and Company|page=388}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Caroline Fox|title=The Journals of Caroline Fox 1835-1871: A Selection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKFFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA167|year=1972|publisher=Elek Books|isbn=978-0-236-15447-0|page=167}} 20. ^David de Giustino, Finding an Archbishop: The Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831, Church History Vol. 64, No. 2 (Jun., 1995), pp. 218–236, at p, 220. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3167906 21. ^{{cite book|author1=Marilyn D. Button|author2=Jessica A. Sheetz-Nguyen|title=Victorians and the Case for Charity: Essays on Responses to English Poverty by the State, the Church and the Literati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXNzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|date=4 November 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7032-7|pages=90 note 17}} 22. ^{{cite book|author1=Nigel F. B. Allington|author2=Noel W. Thompson|title=English, Irish and Subversives Among the Dismal Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fjwxnH8VPcC&pg=PA201|year=2010|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-0-85724-061-3|page=201}} 23. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Longfield, Mountifort|volume=34}} 24. ^1 {{cite IrishBio|subpage=Whately, Richard}} 25. ^{{cite book|author1=Thomas Boylan|author2=Renee Prendergast|author3=John Turner|others=Chief Research Scientist John Turner|title=A History of Irish Economic Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz5ZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-93349-3|page=7}} 26. ^{{cite book|author=Donald Winch|title=Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834|date=26 January 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55920-1|pages=371–2}} 27. ^{{cite book|last=Winch|first=Donald|title=Wealth and Life: Essays on the Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1848–1914|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521715393|page=12}} 28. ^{{cite book|author=James P. Henderson|title=Early Mathematical Economics: William Whewell and the British Case|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye2p5tMnVAcC&pg=PA72|year=1996|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8201-0|page=72}} 29. ^{{cite book|author=Norval Morris|title=The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwvH5ce94eIC&pg=PA256|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511814-8|page=256}} 30. ^Fisch, Max, "Introduction", W 1:xvii, find phrase "One episode". 31. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Connors|title=Composition-Rhetoric: Backgrounds, Theory, and Pedagogy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=047XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|date=5 June 1997|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7182-5|page=221}} 32. ^{{cite book|author=Nicholas Rescher|title=Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfP-j2wPcuwC&pg=PA18|date=19 June 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45718-7|page=18}} 33. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Crookall|title=Intimations of Immortality: Seeing that Leads to Believing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqyGM1AXJ-EC&pg=PA14|date=1 November 1987|publisher=James Clarke & Co.|isbn=978-0-227-67662-2|pages=14–}} 34. ^{{cite book|author1=Hugh James Rose|author2=Samuel Roffey Maitland|title=The British Magazine and Monthly Register of Religious and Ecclesiastical Information, Parochial History, and Documents Respecting the State of the Poor, Progress of Education, Etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74FPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA589|year=1837|publisher=J. Petheram|page=589}} 35. ^{{cite ODNB|id=22642|first=Pietro|last=Corsi|title=Powell, Baden}} 36. ^1 {{cite ODNB|id=59106|title=Whately, (Elizabeth)|first=L. E.|last=Lauer}} 37. ^{{cite book|author=John Nichols|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqvPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313|year=1849|publisher=E. Cave|page=313}} 38. ^{{cite book|author=Laura Lynn Windsor|title=Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&pg=PA214|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-392-6|page=214}} 39. ^{{acad|id=WL836CB|name=Wale, Charles Brent}} 40. ^{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Jane Whately|title=Life and Correspondence of Richard Whately, D.D.: Late Archbishop of Dublin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqM9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA472|year=1866|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|page=472}} 41. ^{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Jane Whately|title=Life and Correspondence of Richard Whately, D.D.: Late Archbishop of Dublin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqM9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381|year=1866|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|volume=2|page=381}} 42. ^{{cite book|author=R. Charles Mollan|title=William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse: Astronomy and the Castle in Nineteenth-Century Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYU8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|date=17 July 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-9144-5|page=86}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/episode/kevin-whately|title=Kevin Whately Episode Guide, Who Do You Think You Are Magazine|accessdate=22 March 2016}} Further readingA modern biography is Richard Whately: A Man for All Seasons by Craig Parton {{ISBN|1-896363-07-5}}. See also Donald Harman Akenson A Protestant in Purgatory: Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin (South Bend, Indiana 1981)
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18 : 1787 births|1863 deaths|English logicians|English economists|Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford|Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford|Principals of St Alban Hall|English rhetoricians|Anglican archbishops of Dublin|Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Members of the Canterbury Association|Members of the Privy Council of Ireland|English philosophers|Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland|Drummond Professors of Political Economy|19th-century English Anglican priests|Anglican philosophers |
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