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词条 Bacillus cereus
释义

  1. Ecology

  2. Reproduction

  3. Pathogenesis

  4. Diagnosis

      Identification  

  5. Prognosis

  6. Bacteriophage

  7. History

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Italic title}}{{Speciesbox
| image = Bacillus_cereus_01.png
| image_alt = "B. cereus" colonies on a sheep-blood agar plate
| image_caption = B. cereus colonies on a sheep-blood agar plate
| genus = Bacillus
| species = cereus
| authority = Frankland & Frankland 1887
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, motile, beta-hemolytic bacterium commonly found in soil and food. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals.[1][2] It is the cause of "fried rice syndrome", as the bacteria are classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours.[3][4] B. cereus bacteria are facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. Its virulence factors include cereolysin and phospholipase C.

The Bacillus cereus group comprises seven closely related species: B. cereus sensu stricto (referred to herein as B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. cytotoxicus.[5]

Ecology

B. cereus competes with other microorganisms such as Salmonella and Campylobacter in the gut; its presence reduces the numbers of those microorganisms. In food animals such as chickens,[6] rabbits[7] and pigs,[8] some harmless strains of B. cereus are used as a probiotic feed additive to reduce Salmonella in the animals' intestines and cecum. This improves the animals' growth, as well as food safety for humans who eat them. B. cereus can parasitize codling moth larvae.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

B. cereus and other members of Bacillus are not easily killed by alcohol; they have been known to colonize distilled liquors and alcohol-soaked swabs and pads in numbers sufficient to cause infection.[9][10]

Some strains of B. cereus produce cereins, bacteriocins active against different B. cereus strains or other Gram-positive bacteria.[11]

Reproduction

At {{convert|30|C|F}}, a population of B. cereus can double in as little as 20 minutes or as long as 3 hours, depending on the food product.[12]

FoodMinutes to double, {{convert|30|C|FHours to multiply by 1,000,000
Milk20–36n=2|t=20|t2=36|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}}
Cooked rice26–31n=2|t=26|t2=31|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}}
Infant formula56n=2|t=56|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}}

Pathogenesis

B. cereus is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2–5%), causing severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.[13] Bacillus foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when infected food is not, or inadequately, cooked.[14] Cooking temperatures less than or equal to 100 °C (212 °F) allow some B. cereus spores to survive.[15] This problem is compounded when food is then improperly refrigerated, allowing the endospores to germinate.[16] Cooked foods not meant for either immediate consumption or rapid cooling and refrigeration should be kept at temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) or above 50 °C (122 °F).[15] Germination and growth generally occur between 10 °C and 50 °C,[15] though some strains are psychrotrophic.[17] Bacterial growth results in production of enterotoxins, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids (pH levels between 2 and 11);[20] ingestion leads to two types of illness, diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome.[18]
  • The diarrheal type is associated with a wide range of foods, has an 8.0- to 16-hour incubation time, and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the 'long-incubation' form of B. cereus food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens.[19] Enterotoxin can be inactivated after heating at {{convert|56|C|F}} for 5 minutes, but whether its presence in food causes the symptom is unclear since it degrades in stomach enzymes; its subsequent production by surviving B. cereus spores within the small intestine may be the cause of illness.[20]
  • The 'emetic' form is commonly caused by rice cooked for a time and temperature insufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a toxin, cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after consumption. Distinguishing from other short-term bacterial foodborne intoxications such as by Staphylococcus aureus can be difficult.[19] Emetic toxin can withstand {{convert|121|C|F}} for 90 minutes.[20]

The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins: hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), and cytotoxin K (CytK).[21] The nhe/hbl/cytK genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by PlcR. These genes occur in the taxonomically related B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis, as well. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting digestion by host endogenous enzymes. The Hbl and Nhe toxins are pore-forming toxins closely related to ClyA of E. coli. The proteins exhibit a conformation known as "beta-barrel" that can insert into cellular membranes due to a hydrophobic exterior, thus creating pores with hydrophilic interiors. The effect is loss of cellular membrane potential and eventually cell death. CytK is a pore-forming protein more related to other hemolysins.

The timing of the toxin production was previously thought to be possibly responsible for the two different courses of disease, but in fact the emetic syndrome is caused by a toxin, cereulide, found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of B. cereus. Cereulide is a cyclic polypeptide containing three repeats of four amino acids: D-oxy-Leu—D-Ala—L-oxy-Val—L-Val (similar to valinomycin produced by Streptomyces griseus) produced by nonribosomal peptide synthesis. Cereulide is believed to bind to 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) serotonin receptors, activating them and leading to increased afferent vagus nerve stimulation.[22] It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on multiple plasmids: pCERE01[23] or pBCE4810.[24] Plasmid pBCE4810 shares homology with the Bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the anthrax toxin. Periodontal isolates of B. cereus also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteogenic amino acids, cereulid is resistant to heat, proteolysis, and acid conditions.[25]

B. cereus is also known to cause difficult-to-eradicate chronic skin infections, though less aggressive than necrotizing fasciitis. B. cereus can also cause keratitis.[26]

Diagnosis

In case of foodborne illness, the diagnosis of B. cereus can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 105 B. cereus organisms per gram from epidemiologically implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting.[27]

Identification

Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify Bacillus cereus from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[28]

  • Anaerobic growth: Positive
  • Voges Proskauer test: Positive
  • Acid produced from
    • D-glucose: Positive
    • L-arabinose: Negative
    • D-xylose: Negative
    • D-mannitol: Negative
  • Starch hydrolysis: Positive
  • Nitrate reduction: Positive
  • Degradation of tyrosine: Positive
  • Growth at
    • >50 °C: Negative
  • Use of citrate: Positive

Prognosis

Most emetic patients recover within 6-24 hours,[18] but in some cases, the toxin can be fatal via fulminant hepatic failure.[29][30][31][32][33] In 2014, 23 neonates in the UK receiving total parenteral nutrition contaminated with B. cereus developed septicaemia, with three of the infants later dying as a result of infection.[34][35]

Bacteriophage

Bacteria of the B. cereus group are infected by bacteriophages belonging to the family Tectiviridae. This family includes tail-less phages that have a lipid membrane/vesicle beneath the icosahedral protein shell and that are formed of approximately equal amounts of virus-encoded proteins and lipids derived from the host cell plasma membrane. Upon infection, the lipid membrane becomes a tail-like structure used in genome delivery. The genome is composed of about 15-kb, linear, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with long, inverted terminal-repeat sequences (100 bp). GIL01, Bam35, GIL16, AP50, and Wip1 are examples of temperate tectiviruses infecting the B. cereus group.[36]

History

Colonies of B. cereus were originally isolated from an agar plate left exposed to the air in a cow shed.[37] In the 2010s, examination of warning letters issued by the US Food and Drug Administration issued to pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities addressing facility microbial contamination revealed that the most common contaminant was B. cereus.[38]

Several new enzymes have been discovered in B. cereus, e.g. AlkC and AlkD, both of which are involved in DNA repair.[39]

See also

  • Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis

References

1. ^{{cite book | editor = Ryan KJ | editor2 = Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}
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4. ^{{Cite journal| pmid = 16373130| volume = 30| pages = 30–32| last = Asaeda| first = Glenn| last2 = Caicedo| first2 = Gilbert| last3 = Swanson| first3 = Christopher| title = Fried Rice Syndrome| journal = Journal of Emergency Medical Services| date = December 2005| issue = 12| doi=10.1016/s0197-2510(05)70258-8}}
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8. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Bories | first1 = Georges | last2 = Brantom | first2 = Paul | last3 = de Barberà | first3 = Joaquim Brufau | last4 = Chesson | first4 = Andrew | last5 = Cocconcelli | first5 = Pier Sandro | last6 = Debski | first6 = Bogdan | last7 = Dierick | first7 = Noël | last8 = Franklin | first8 = Anders | last9 = Gropp | first9 = Jürgen | last10 = Halle | first10 = Ingrid | last11 = Hogstrand | first11 = Christer | last12 = de Knecht | first12 = Joop | last13 = Leng | first13 = Lubomir | last14 = Haldorsen | first14 = Anne-Katrine Lundebye | last15 = Mantovani | first15 = Alberto | last16 = Mézes | first16 = Miklós | last17 = Nebbia | first17 = Carlo | last18 = Rambeck | first18 = Walter | last19 = Rychen | first19 = Guido | last20 = von Wright | first20 = Atte | last21 = Wester | first21 = Pieter | display-authors = 3 | title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 | series = Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | journal = EFSA Journal | volume = 2007 | issue = 3 | pages = 458 | date = 16 March 2007 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/458 | eissn = 1831-4732 | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.458 | id = EFSA-Q-2006-037 | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }}
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15. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxycHnaPfCYC&pg=PA24 |author1=Roberts, T. A. |author2=Baird-Parker, A. C. |author3=Tompkin, R. B. |title=Characteristics of microbial pathogens |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |location=London |year=1996 |page=24 |isbn=978-0-412-47350-0 |accessdate=25 November 2010}}
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19. ^1 2 {{cite web | title=Bacillus cereus | work=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology | url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/B.cereus.html | accessdate=19 September 2009}}
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27. ^[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm4310.pdf Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Associated with Fried Rice at Two Child Day Care Centers] from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 1994 / Vol. 43 / No. 10 U.S.
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34. ^[https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/drug-alert-lipid-phase-only-of-parenteral-nutrition-potential-contamination-with-bacillus-cereus Lipid Phase only of Parenteral Nutrition - potential contamination with Bacillus cereus]. UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Medical safety alert (4 June 2014)
35. ^Cooper, Charlie (1 July 2014) [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/third-baby-dies-from-contaminated-total-parenteral-nutrition-drip-feed-9576663.html Third baby dies from contaminated 'Total Parenteral Nutrition' drip feed]. The Independent
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37. ^{{cite journal|last1=Frankland|first1=G. C.|last2=Frankland|first2=P. F.|title=Studies on Some New Micro-Organisms Obtained from Air|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1 January 1887|volume=178|pages=257–287|doi=10.1098/rstb.1887.0011}}
38. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sandle|first=Tim|date=28 November 2014|title=The Risk of Bacillus cereus to Pharmaceutical Manufacturing|url=http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/169507-The-Risk-of-em-Bacillus-cereus-em-to-Pharmaceutical-Manufacturing/|journal=American Pharmaceutical Review|type=Paper|volume=17|issue=6|page=56|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}
39. ^{{cite journal| last1 = Alseth| first1 = Ingrun| last2 = Rognes| first2 = Torbjørn| last3 = Lindbäck| first3 = Toril| last4 = Solberg| first4 = Inger| last5 = Robertsen| first5 = Kristin| last6 = Kristiansen| first6 = Knut Ivan| last7 = Mainieri| first7 = Davide| last8 = Lillehagen| first8 = Lucy| last9 = Kolstø| first9 = Anne-Brit| last10 = Bjørås| first10 = Magnar| display-authors = 4| title = A new protein superfamily includes two novel 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases Bacillus cereus, AlkC and AlkD| journal = Molecular Microbiology| year = 2006| volume = 59| issue = 5| pages = 1602–9| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05044.x| pmid = 16468998| pmc = 1413580}}

External links

{{Commons category|Bacillus cereus}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315134110/http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=1396 Bacillus cereus] genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
  • Type strain of Bacillus cereus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q131307}}

3 : Bacillus|Foodborne illnesses|Bacteria described in 1887
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