| 词条 | Banteng |
| 释义 |
| name = Banteng[1] | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [2] | image =Bos javanicus javanicus.jpg | image_caption = Java banteng cow (left) and bull (right) | range_map=Bos javanicus.png | range_map_caption=Range map green: present range red: possible present range | taxon = Bos javanicus | authority = d'Alton, 1823 | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = {{species list |B. j. birmanicus | |B. j. javanicus | |B. j. lowi | |B. j. domesticus | }} The banteng ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|n|t|ɛ|ŋ}}; {{lang-jv|banthèng}}), also known as tembadau, (Bos javanicus) is a species of wild cattle found in Southeast Asia. Banteng have been domesticated in several places in Southeast Asia, and there are around 1.5 million domestic banteng, which are called Bali cattle. These animals are used as working animals and for their meat.[3] Banteng have also been introduced to Northern Australia, where they have established stable feral populations.[4] Distribution and subspeciesThese subspecies are recognised:[2]
CharacteristicsThe banteng is similar in size to domesticated cattle, measuring {{Convert|1.55|to|1.65|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall at the shoulder and {{convert|2.45|-|3.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in total length, including a tail {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=on}} long. Body weight can range from {{Convert|400|to|900|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[5][6] It exhibits sexual dimorphism, allowing the sexes to be readily distinguished by colour and size. In mature males, the short-haired coat is blue-black or dark chestnut in colour, while in females and young it is chestnut with a dark dorsal stripe. Both males and females have white stockings on their lower legs, a white rump, a white muzzle, and white spots above the eyes. The build is similar to that of domesticated cattle, but with a comparatively slender neck and small head, and a ridge on the back above the shoulders. The horns of females are short and tightly curved, pointing inward at the tips, while those of males arc upwards, growing {{Convert|60|to|75|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} long, and being connected by a horn-like bald patch on the forehead. BehaviourBanteng live in sparse forest where they feed on grasses, bamboo, fruit, leaves, and young branches. The banteng is generally active both night and day, but in places where humans are common, they adopt a nocturnal schedule. Banteng tend to gather in herds of two to 30 members. Each herd contains only one adult bull.[7] Mating occurs from May to June, birth from March to April. Cows give birth to one calf after a gestation period of 9.5 month; the calf is weaned at 6 to 9 months. Lifespan is 20 to 26 years in captivity and 16 to 20 years in the wild.[7] StatusThe wild banteng is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. The populations on the Asian mainland have decreased by about 80% in the last decades. The total number of wild banteng is estimated to about 5,000-8,000 animals. No population has more than 500 animals, only a few have more than 50. Reasons for the population decline are reduction of habitat, hunting, hybridisation with domesticated cattle, and infections with cattle diseases. The most important stronghold for the species is Java with the biggest populations in Ujung Kulon National Park and Baluran National Park. The biggest population on the mainland is found in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand. Another larger population lives in Kaeng Krachan. Borneo has still a few hundred bantengs, more than a hundred of which occur in Kulamba Wildlife Reserve in Sabah.[2] CloningThe banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first to survive for more than a week (the first was a gaur that died two days after being born).[8][9] Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA, U.S. extracted DNA from banteng cells kept in the San Diego Zoo's "Frozen Zoo" facility, and transferred it into eggs from domesticated cattle, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thirty embryos were created and sent to Trans Ova Genetics, which implanted the fertilized eggs in domestic cattle. Two were carried to term and delivered by Caesarian section.[10] The first was born on 1 April 2003, and the second two days later. The second was euthanized,[11] apparently suffering from large-offspring syndrome, but the first survived and lived for seven years at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where it died in April 2010.[12] Hybridization program1. ^1 {{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id = 14200683 |page = 691 |heading=Bos javanicus}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{IUCN2008|assessor=Timmins, R.J.|assessor2=Duckworth, J.W.|assessor3=Hedges, S.|assessor4=Steinmetz, R.|assessor5=Pattanavibool, A.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=2888|title=Bos javanicus|downloaded=29 March 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered. 3. ^Friend, J.B. (1978). Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset. 4. ^Endangered cattle (Banteng) find pastures new, 5 August 2005, New Scientist 5. ^Ultimate ungulate page on banteng {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170047/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bos_javanicus.html |date=3 March 2016 }} 6. ^Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), {{ISBN|0789477645}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/ |title= Bos javanicus |last=Saari |first=J. |year=2004 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=19 May 2017}} 8. ^Fairfax Digital, Banteng clone leads charge for endangered animals, 9 April 2003. Visited 12 October 2009. 9. ^World Environment News, Scientists clone endangered Asian banteng, 9 April 2003. Visited 12 October 2009. 10. ^Advanced Cell Technology, Collaborative Effort Yields Endangered Species Clone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023235648/http://www.advancedcell.com/press-release/collaborative-effort-yields-endangered-species-clone |date=23 October 2006 }}, 8 April 2003. Visited 12 October 2009. 11. ^Nature Biotechnology (subscription required) 12. ^{{cite web|title=Animal Cloning: The Next Phase|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2010-06-09/animal-cloning-the-next-phase|website=Bloomberg}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/02/bali-cows-meet-java-bulls-east-java.html |title=Bali cows to meet Java bulls in East Java |date=2 April 2012}} 14. ^Letts, G. A., and A. W. E. L. Bassingthwaite Vos. (1979). "Feral animals in the Northern Territory - Report of the Board of Inquiry". Northern Territory Government, Darwin. Taken from Brook B., Bowman D.M.J., Bradshaw C., Campbell B., Whitehead P. (2006) 15. ^Letts, G. A. (1964). "Feral animals in the Northern Territory". Australian Veterinary Journal Volume 40, issue 3, pp.84–88. Taken From Brook B., Bowman D.M.J., Bradshaw C., Campbell B., Whitehead P. (2006) 16. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Bradshaw CJ, Isagi Y, Kaneko S, Brook BW, Bowman DM, Frankham R |title=Low genetic diversity in the bottlenecked population of endangered non-native banteng in northern Australia |journal=Mol. Ecol. |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2998–3008 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17614913 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03365.x |url=}} 17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradshaw CJ, Brook BW |year=2007 |title=Ecological-economic models of sustainable harvest for an endangered but exotic megaherbivore in northern Australia |journal=Natural Resource Modeling |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=129–156 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-7445.2007.tb00203.x}} 18. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Bradshaw CJ, Isagi Y, Kaneko S, Bowman DM, Brook BW |title=Conservation value of non-native banteng in northern Australia |journal=Conserv. Biol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=1306–11 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16922247 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00428.x |url=}} 19. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Choquenot D |year=1993 |title=Growth, body condition and demography of wild banteng (Bos javanicus) on cobourg peninsula, Northern Australia |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=231 |pages=533–542 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb01936.x}} 20. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03595.x |title=Rapid development of cleaning behaviour by Torresian crows Corvus orru on non-native banteng Bos javanicus in northern Australia |year=2006 |author=J. A. Bradshaw |author2=Corey |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=37 |pages=409 |issue=4}} 21. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Bowman DMJS |author2=Panton WJ |year=1991 |title=Sign and habitat impact of Banteng (Bos javanicus) and pig (Sus scrofa) Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Ecology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=15–17 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1991.tb01477.x}} 22. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Brook BW, Bowman DM, Bradshaw CJ, Campbell BM, Whitehead PJ |title=Managing an endangered Asian bovid in an Australian National Park: the role and limitations of ecological-economic models in decision-making |journal=Environ Manage |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=463–9 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16736298 |doi=10.1007/s00267-005-0157-7 |url=}} 23. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1071/BT9900593 |title=Dynamics of Forest Clumps on Chenier Plains, Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory |year=1990 |author=Bowman, DMJS |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |volume=38 |pages=593 |last2=Panton |first2=WJ |last3=McDonough |first3=L |issue=6 }} External links{{Commons category|Bos javanicus}}{{Wikispecies}}{{EB1911 poster|Bantin}}
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