| 词条 | Bar-tailed godwit | |||
| 释义 |
| status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Bar-tailed Godwit.jpg | image_caption = Breeding plumage | image2 = Limosa lapponica 2 - Taren Point.jpg | image2_caption = Non-breeding plumage | taxon = Limosa lapponica | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonyms = *Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, 1758 }} The bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) is a large wader in the family Scolopacidae. The genus name Limosa is from Latin and means "muddy", from limus, "mud". The specific lapponica refers to Lapland.[2] The English term "godwit" was first recorded in about 1416–7 and is believed to imitate the bird's call.[3] The bar-tailed godwit breeds on Arctic coasts and tundra mainly in the Old World, and winters on coasts in temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and of Australia and New Zealand.[4] Its migration includes the longest known non-stop flight of any bird and also the longest journey without pausing to feed by any animal.[5] The global population is estimated to number 1,099,000-1,149,000 individuals.[6] DescriptionThe bar-tailed godwit is a relatively short-legged species of godwit. The bill-to-tail length is {{convert|37|-|41|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, with a wingspan of {{convert|70|-|80|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Males average smaller than females but with much overlap; males weigh {{convert|190|-|400|g|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|260|-|630|g|abbr=on}}; there is also some regional variation in size (see subspecies, below). The adult has blue-grey legs and a slightly upturned bi-colored bill, pink at the base and black towards the tip. The neck, breast and belly are unbroken brick red in breeding plumage, off white in winter. The back is mottled grey.[4][8] It is distinguished from the black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) by its barred, rather than wholly black, tail and a lack of white wing bars. The most similar species is the Asiatic dowitcher. There are three subspecies, listed from west to east:[4][8]
DietIt forages by probing in mudflats or marshes. It may find insects by sight in short vegetation. It eats mainly insects and crustaceans, but also parts of aquatic plants. BreedingThe bar-tailed godwit is a non-breeding migrant in Australia. Breeding take place each year in Scandinavia, northern Asia, and Alaska. The nest is a shallow cup in moss sometimes lined with vegetation. Both sexes share incubation of the eggs and care for the young. MigrationsThe bar-tailed godwit migrates in flocks to coastal East Asia, Alaska, Australia, Africa, northwestern Europe and New Zealand.[12][13][11] It was shown in 2007 to undertake the longest non-stop flight of any bird. Birds in New Zealand were tagged and tracked by satellite to the Yellow Sea in China. According to Dr. Clive Minton (Australasian Wader Studies Group): "The distance between these two locations is {{convert|9575|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, but the actual track flown by the bird was {{convert|11026|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. This was the longest known non-stop flight of any bird. The flight took approximately nine days. At least three other bar-tailed godwits also appear to have reached the Yellow Sea after non-stop flights from New Zealand."[15] One specific female of the flock, nicknamed "E7", flew onward from China to Alaska and stayed there for the breeding season. Then on 29 August 2007 she departed on a non-stop flight from the Avinof Peninsula in western Alaska to the Piako River near Thames, New Zealand, setting a new known flight record of {{convert|11680|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.[5] ProtectionThe bar-tailed godwit is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. GalleryReferences1. ^{{cite journal | authors = BirdLife International | title = Limosa lapponica | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume= 2017 (amended version of 2016 assessment) | page = e.T22693158A111221714 | publisher = IUCN | year = 2017 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/22693158/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693158A111221714.en | accessdate = 2 June 2018}} [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]2. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = 219, 227}} 3. ^{{Cite OED |Godwit}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |first=Barrie |last=Heather |first2=Hugh |last2=Robertson |title=The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand |edition=Revised |publisher=Viking |year=2005 |isbn=0-14-302040-4 }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.birdingnz.co.nz/birds-of-new-zealand/eastern-bar-tailed-godwit |title=Eastern Bar-tailed Godwit (Kuaka) |publisher=Birding NZ}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Snow |first=D.W. |last2=Perrins |first2=C.M. |year=1998 |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic |edition=Concise |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-854099-X }} 7. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=R.E. |last2=Tibbitts |first2=T.L. |last3=Douglas |first3=D.C. |last4=Handel |first4=C.M. |last5=Mulcahy |first5=D.M. |last6=Gottschalck |first6=J.C. |last7=Warnock |first7=N. |last8=McCaffery |first8=B.J. |last9=Battley |first9=P.F. |last10=Piersma |first10=T. |year=2009 |title=Extreme endurance flights by landbirds crossing the Pacific Ocean: ecological corridor rather than barrier? |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=276 |issue=1656 |pages=447–457 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1142 |url=https://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/avian_influenza/pdfs/Gill_et_al_2008_Godwit_Migration.pdf |pmid=18974033 |pmc=2664343}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/22693158/0 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=IUCN}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |editor-last1=del Hoyo |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Elliot |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-first3=J. | year=1996 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-15-6 |volume=3}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |first=Don |last=Strap |title=Flight of the Kuaka |journal=Living Bird |date=Autumn 2009 |pages=28–34 |url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/page.aspx?pid=1510}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.werc.usgs.gov/sattrack/shorebirds/overall.html |title=Satellite Tracking Migratory Birds |publisher=USGS}} }} Identification
External links{{Commons category|Limosa lapponica}}{{Wikispecies|Limosa lapponica}}
8 : Shorebirds|Limosa|Native birds of Alaska|Birds of Russia|Birds of Scandinavia|Birds of Africa|Birds described in 1758|Articles containing video clips |
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